news cgtn.com - 20/09/2018
Full text of Premier Li Keqiang's speech at opening ceremony of 2018 Summer Davos
|
news.cgtn.com - 01/18/2017
President Xi's speech in Davos in full
|
Global Times | 2012-9-18
By Liu Linlin
The Ring of
Poverty
Zhao Hanwen lives in Xinglong county, Hebei Province, about 150 kilometers away from Tiananmen Square.
Although the distance is not that great geographically, Zhao and his wife inhabit a world that is
vastly different from the capital.
Zhao and his fellow villagers are the last group of people
near Beijing who still make a living farming. They drink water from wells and live in conditions
that most Beijing residents would find unbearable. It takes them five hours to drive just
50 kilometers due to the poor road conditions in the mountains, according to a report
in the 21st Century Business Herald
From Agricultural University of Hebei, P.R.China
By ZHAO Junyan and ZHANG Pengtao - 2008
Game Analysis on Coordinated Development in Beijing and Tianjin
and Poverty-stricken Around Beijing and Tianjin
The existence of poverty belts around Beijing and Tianjin restricts ecological security and
economic development in Jing-Jin-Ji (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) regions. This paper defines firstly the
scope of poverty belts around Beijing and Tianjin, and regarding on Beijing and Tianjin and the poverty
belts around Beijing and Tianjin as the study area, then selects dynamic model and static model in
perfect information, applies respectively to the game analysis on relationship of the Central government
and local governments, of local governments by using game theory methods, finally draws the
appropriate conclusions to promote regional coordinated development.
Xinhua Insight: Poverty belt around Beijing seeks green breakthroughs
Prosperous Beijing besieged by poor counties
Zhicheng Liang - June 2006
Threshold Estimation on the Globalization-Poverty Nexus. Evidence from China
China has experienced rapid integration into the global economy and achieved
remarkable progress in poverty reduction over the last two decades. In this paper, by
employing panel data covering twenty-five Chinese provinces over the period of 1986-
2002, and applying the endogenous threshold regression techniques, we empirically
investigate the globalization-poverty nexus in China, paying particular attention to the
nonlinearity of the impact of globalization on the poor. Estimation results provide
strong evidence to suggest that there exists a threshold in the relationship between
globalization and poverty: globalization is good for the poor only after the economy has
reached a certain threshold level of globalization.
ADB. Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report
Project Number: 42127-01 - July 2009
Study on Elimination of Several Major Problems of
the Poverty Belt around Beijing and Tianjin
This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and
ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical
assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.
People’s Republic of China: Facility for Policy
Reform and Capacity Building III - (Financed by PATA 7313-PRC)
Sub-project 1.11: Study on Elimination of Several Major Problems of
the Poverty Belt around Beijing and Tianjin
消除环京津贫困带若干重大问题研究
|
From Conference Papers,
8th International Telecommunications Society (ITS) Asia-Pacific Regional Conference,
Taiwan, 26 - 28 June, 2011: Convergence in the Digital Age
Provided in Cooperation with: International Telecommunications Society (ITS)
ECONSTOR: Der Open-Access-Publikationsserver der ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft
The Open Access Publication Server of the ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics
160 characters for change: China's mobile urban-rural
divide
Fugazzola, Caterina, University of San Francisco, June 2011
At the end of May 2002, China officially became the biggest mobile market of the world, surpassing
any other country in the world with its 170 million mobile phone users1. The steady expansion of this
market is far from uniform, as the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs)
assumes a very different face in the urban, highly industrialized cities than in the less-developed
countryside.
Such difference has accelerated the process of social and economic polarization initiated
in 1978 with Deng Xiaoping's Open Door Policy, which marked the beginning of Chinese
marketization under the declared plan of “letting some people get rich first.” It was years later, during
the 1990s and especially after the 1997 financial crisis, that the real change in the government's strategy
began to be concretely felt on a citizen level; the official introduction of the term “globalization” as a
positive force for economic development “was accompanied by a rhetoric carefully constructed to
justify it,” a rhetoric that minimized the negative effects of globalization portraying it “as a process
which can be brought under control by the state.”
|
White Paper by the Government of People's Republic of China - 2010
China-Africa Economic
and Trade Cooperation
"China is the largest developing country in the world,
and Africa is home to the largest number of developing countries. The
combined population of China and Africa accounts for over one-third of
the world's total. Promoting economic development and social progress
is the common task China and Africa are facing.
During their years of development, China and Africa give full play to
the complementary advantages in each other's resources and economic
structures, abiding by the principles of equality, effectiveness,
mutual benefit and reciprocity, and mutual development, and keep
enhancing economic and trade cooperation to achieve mutual benefit and
progress. Practice proves that China-Africa economic and trade
cooperation serves the common interests of the two sides, helps Africa
to reach the UN Millennium Development Goals, and boosts common
prosperity and progress for China and Africa."
|
From The World Bank - 2008
Building Bridges
China’s Growing Role as Infrastructure
Financier for Africa
Vivien Foster, William Butterfield, Chuan Chen and Nataliya Pushak
In recent years, a number of emerging
economies have begun to play a growing role
in the finance of infrastructure in Sub-Saharan
Africa. Their combined resource flows are
now comparable in scale to traditional official
development assistance (ODA) from OECD
countries or to capital from private investors.
These non-OECD financiers include China,
India, and the Gulf states, with China being by
far the largest player.
This new trend reflects a much more positive
economic and political environment in Sub-
Saharan Africa. Real GDP growth in the
region has been sustained at 4 to 6 percent
now for a number of years, and has benefited
from an improved investment climate. The
rise of the Chinese and Indian economies has
fueled global demand for petroleum and other
commodities. Africa is richly endowed with
these and faces a historic opportunity to
harness its natural resources and invest the
proceeds to broaden its economic base for
supporting economic growth and poverty
reduction. In this context, south-south
cooperation provides a channel through which
the benefits of economic development in Asia
and the Middle East can be transferred to the
African continent, through a parallel
deepening of trade and investment relations.
Executive Summary
|
Read on Economic Inequality,
Poverty, Social Exclusion and Corruption in China
|
Real-World
Economics Review Blog
2 February 2010
Wither China?
from
Lewis L. Smith
The biggest “wild card in the oil deck” is no longer some
yet-to-be-commercialized technology. Nor is it a country harboring
nests of terrorists. Nor it is a producing country like Iraq, Iran,
Qatar or Saudi Arabia. It is China, a net consumer.
In part, this is because of China’s economic, energy, environmental,
military and political importance. However, the main reasons are two
— the uncertainty surrounding the country’s future
and the uncertainty as to future actions of its government in the
international sphere.
At $4.2 trillion [2008] , China’s economy is the third largest in the
world, after the USA and Japan. By 2020, it will be the second
largest. From 1988 to 2008, its gross domestic product grew at
extraordinary average annual rate compounded, almost 10%. It has the
second largest army in the world.
|
Foreign Direct
Investment, Domestic Investment, and Economic Growth in China: A Time
Series Analysis
Sumei Tang, E. A. Selvanathan and S. Selvanathan - 2008
In this paper, we investigate the causal link between foreign direct
investment (FDI), domestic investment and economic growth in China for
the period 1988-2003. Towards this purpose, a multivariate VAR system
with error correction model (ECM) and the innovation accounting
(variance decomposition and impulse response function analysis)
techniques are used. The results show that while there is a
bi-directional causality between domestic investment and economic
growth, there is only a single-directional causality from FDI to
domestic investment and to economic growth. Rather than crowding out
domestic investment, FDI is found to be complementary with domestic
investment. Thus, FDI has not only assisted in overcoming shortage of
capital, it has also stimulated economic growth through complementing
domestic investment in China.
|
Foreign Direct Investment
from China, India and South Africa in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New or Old
Phenomenon?
John Henley, Stefan Kratzsch, Mithat Külür, and Tamer Tandogan - 2008
The burgeoning literature on outward foreign direct investment from
emerging markets has largely focused on analysing the motives of
investors as reported by parent companies. This paper, instead, focuses
on firm-level investments originating from China, India or South Africa
in fifteen host countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The analysis is
based on a sub-set of firms drawn from the overall sample of 1,216
foreign-owned firms participating in the UNIDO Africa Foreign Investor
Survey, carried out in 2005. The sample of investments originating from
China, India and South Africa is analysed in terms of firm
characteristics, past and forecast performance in SSA over three years
and management’s perception of ongoing business conditions. Comparisons
are made with foreign investors from the North. The paper concludes
that while investors in SSA from the three countries are primarily
using their investment to target specific markets, they are largely
operating in different sub-sectors. While there appear to be specific
features that firms from a given country of origin share, there are no
obvious operating-level features they all share apart from market
seeking.
|
Approaching a Triumphal
Span: How Far Is China Towards its Lewisian Turning Point?
Fang Cai - 2008
With the aid of an analytical framework of the Lewis model revised to
reflect the experience of China, this paper examines the country’s
dualistic economic development and its unique characteristics. The
paper outlines the major effects of China’s growth as achieved during
the course of economic reform and the opening-up of the country: the
exploitation of the demographic dividend, the realization of
comparative advantage, the improvement of total factor productivity,
and participation in economic globalization. By predicting the
long-term relationship between the labour force demand and supply, the
paper reviews the approaching turning point in China’s economic
development and examines a host of challenges facing the country in
sustaining growth.
|
China in the World
Economy: Dynamic Correlation Analysis of Business Cycles
Jarko Fidrmuc and Ivana Bátorová - 2008
We analyse the business cycles in China and in selected OECD countries
between 1992 and 2006. We show that, although negative correlation
dominates for nearly all countries, we can also see large differences
for various frequencies of cyclical developments. On the one hand,
nearly all OECD countries show positive correlations of the very
short-run developments that may correspond to intensive supplier
linkages. On the other hand, business cycle frequencies (cycles with
periods between 1.5 and 8 years) are typically negative. Nevertheless,
countries facing a comparably longer history of intensive trading links
tend to show also slightly higher correlations of business cycles with
China.
|
Comparing Regional
Development in China and India
Yanrui Wu - 2008
Economic growth in China and India has attracted many headlines
recently. As a result, the literature comparing the two Asian giants
has expanded substantially. This paper adds to the literature by
comparing regional growth, disparity and convergence in the two
economies. This is the first of its kind. The paper presents a detailed
examination of economic growth in the regions of China and India over
the past twenty years. It also provides an assessment of regional
disparity in the two countries and investigates whether there is any
evidence of regional convergence during the period of rapid economic
growth. It attempts to identify the sources of regional disparity and
hence draw policy implications for economic development in the two
countries in the near future.
|
The Impact of Reform on
Economic Growth in China: A Principal Component Analysis
Ligang Song and Yu Sheng - 2008
The study decomposes the sources of Chinese growth by first making a
distinction between technological progress and technical efficiency in
the growth accounting framework, and then identifying a series of
reform programmes, such as urbanization, structural change,
privatization, liberalization, banking and fiscal system reforms as the
key components in institutional innovation which facilitate the
improvement of technical efficiency and through which economic growth.
These components are then incorporated into the model specification,
which is estimated based on a panel dataset by applying the principal
component analysis (PCA) to eliminate the multicollinearity problem.
The results show that urbanization, liberalization and structural
change in the form of industrialization are the most important
components in contributing to the improvement of technical efficiency
and hence growth, highlighting the importance of government policies
aimed at enhancing further urbanization, openness to trade and
industrial structural adjustments to sustain the growth momentum in
China. The study also found that the potential for further enhancing
growth through technical efficiency in China is considerable, which can
be realized by deepening state-owned enterprises (SOEs) restructuring,
and banking and fiscal system reform.
|
Measuring the
Competitive Threat from China
Rhys Jenkins - 2008
In recent years there has been a growing literature that analyses the
threat which Chinese exports pose to the exports of other developing
countries. The paper provides a critique of the standard measures of
export similarity which have been used to estimate the threat from
China in these studies. Two alternative indices, the static and the
dynamic index of competitive threat, are developed and estimated for 18
developing countries and compared with estimates for the standard
measures. It is shown that the latter tend to underestimate the extent
to which countries are threatened by China. They also distort both the
rankings of countries according to the extent to which they face
competition from China and the direction of change in the competitive
threat over time.
|
Trade Expansion of
China and India: Threat or Opportunity
Mahvash Saeed Qureshi and Guanghua Wan - 2008
By exploring the export performances and specialization patterns of
China and India, we assess their trade competitiveness and
complementarity vis-à-vis each other as well as with the rest of the
world. Our analysis indicates that (i) India faces tough competition
from China in the third markets especially in clothing, textile and
leather products; (ii) there is a moderate potential for expanding
trade between the two countries; (iii) China poses a challenge for the
East Asian economies, the US, and most of the European countries
especially in medium-technology industries; (iv) India appears to be a
competitor mainly for its neighbouring South Asian countries; and (v)
complementarity exists between the imports of China and India, and the
exports of the US, some European states and East Asian countries,
especially Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, implying
opportunities for trade expansion; and finally (vi) the export
structure of China is changing with the exports of skill intensive and
high-technology products increasing and those of labour-intensive
products decreasing gradually. This suggests that challenges created by
China in traditional labour-intensive products might reduce in the long
run.
|
Jeffrey
Henderson - 2008
China and the Future of the Developing World:
The Coming Global-Asian Era and its Consequences
The rise of China as an economic and political ‘driver’ of the global
economy is likely to be
one of the defining moments of world history. Its dynamism and
international expansion are
on the verge of creating a ‘critical disruption’ in the global order
that has held sway for over
60 years. As such, China is beginning to reshape the world, presaging a
new phase of
globalization: a ‘global-Asian era’. This new era is likely to be
distinct from any of the
earlier phases of globalization and China’s global footprint, in terms
of its business,
economic and political actions and their geopolitical implications, is
likely to be markedly
different from what has gone before. This paper offers a framework by
which we can begin
to understand the coming global-Asian era (GAE) and some of its
consequences,
particularly as the latter are surfacing in the developing world.
Having discussed the nature
and dynamics of the GAE, the paper turns to sketch a series of vectors
(trade, aid and
energy security) along which the GAE is beginning to impact on
developing countries. The
paper argues that, at least for these vectors, the Chinese-driven GAE
is providing
opportunities as well as dangers for national development projects. It
concludes by briefly
speculating on the viability of the GAE.
|
Jarko
Fidrmuc and Ivana Bátorová - 2008
China in the World Economy: Dynamic Correlation Analysis of
Business Cycles
We analyse the business cycles in China and in selected OECD countries
between 1992
and 2006. We show that, although negative correlation dominates for
nearly all
countries, we can also see large differences for various frequencies of
cyclical
developments. On the one hand, nearly all OECD countries show positive
correlations
of the very short-run developments that may correspond to intensive
supplier linkages.
On the other hand, business cycle frequencies (cycles with periods
between 1.5 and 8
years) are typically negative. Nevertheless, countries facing a
comparably longer history
of intensive trading links tend to show also slightly higher
correlations of business
cycles with China.
|
Haider A.
Khan - 2008
China’s
Development Strategy and Energy Security: Growth, Distribution and
Regional Cooperation
This paper analyses both global and regional approaches to solving
problems of energy
security and ecological imbalance by addressing specifically the
problems of China’s
energy security. China’s growing energy dependence has become a major
concern for both
economic and national security policymakers in that country. The
ambitious goal of
modernization of the economy along the lines of the other newly
industrialized economies
(NIEs) of Asia has succeeded only too well, and it is difficult to
reorient economic
priorities. If examined rigorously, such an economic strategic
assumption can be seen to
entail the goal of creating further technological capabilities. In
particular, China seems to be
firmly committed to the creation of a largely self-sustaining
innovation system as part of a
knowledge-based economy of the future. Such innovation systems, called
positive feedback
loop innovation systems or POLIS have been created by advanced
countries, and NIEs such
as South Korea and Taiwan are proceeding to create these as well. But
this will add to its
energy burden and further dependence on the US as the power which
controls the key sea
lanes. Only a strategic reorientation to building a self-sustaining
POLIS and appropriate
|
Jun Zhang
- 2008
China’s Economic Growth: Trajectories and Evolving
Institutions
This paper investigates the institutional reason underlying the change
in the trajectory of
economic growth in post-reform China, and argues that the trajectory of
growth was
much more normal during the period of 1978-89 than in the post-1989
era. In the former
period, growth was largely induced by equality-generating institutional
change in
agriculture and the emergence of non-state industrial sector. In the
latter period, growth
was triggered by the acceleration of capital investments under
authoritarian
decentralized hierarchy within self-contained regions. Such a growth
trajectory
accelerates capital deepening, deteriorating total factor productivity
and leads to rising
regional imbalance. This paper further argues that the change in the
trajectory of growth
is the outcome of changes in political and inter-governmental fiscal
institutions
following the 1989 political crisis.
|
Yuqing
Xing - 2008
China’s Exports in ICT and its Impact on Asian Countries
This paper analyses China’s ICT exports growth in its two major markets
Japan and the
US from 1992 to 2004. It focuses on ICT products classified in SITC 75,
76 and 77. The
empirical results show that Chinese exports had maintained two-digit
annual growth
during the period. The growth was much higher than the corresponding
growth of the
overall markets. By 2004, Chinese ICT exports accounted for 26 per cent
of the total
Japanese imports and 19 per cent of the total imports of the US in ICT
products. In
addition, the paper investigates whether the rapid growth of Chinese
ICT exports
crowded out that of other Asian countries: Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore,
South Korea and Thailand. The empirical analysis shows that the
crowding out effect
differs across countries and products. The exports of Singapore and
Philippines have
been negatively affected by the growth of Chinese exports, but no
crowding effect
existed at all with Indonesia’s exports
|
Rhys
Jenkins - 2008
China’s Global Growth and Latin American
Exports
China’s global expansion has led to concerns amongst other developing
country
exporters that they will be displaced by Chinese competition in their
export markets.
The paper develops a new index to measure the extent of the competitive
threat which
countries face from China, which is then applied to empirical data on
US imports from
China and 18 Latin American countries. It also presents new estimates
of the impact of
China on the value of Latin American exports to the US over the past
decade, using an
extension of constant market share analysis. It finds that, contrary to
many previous
studies, China has had a significant impact on the exports of a number
of Latin
American countries and that this has increased since China joined the
WTO in 2001.
|
Yongqing
Wang and Guanghua Wan - 2008
China’s Trade Imbalances: The Role of FDI
China has been running a large trade surplus with the rest of the
world, particularly with the
USA and EU. This has caused considerable diplomatic tensions and
tremendous pressure on
the Chinese currency. Existing analytical studies, however, mostly
focus on real exchange
rate and income as determinants of China’s trade imbalances. Little
attention has been given
to the role of inflow and outflow of foreign direct investment (FDI).
The purpose of this
paper is to fill in this gap in the literature by adding FDI to China’s
trade balance model.
Fitting aggregate annual data from 1979 to 2007 to SURE (Seemingly
Unrelated Regression
Equations) and later ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lags) models, we
find that
although outflow FDI does not play an important role in determining
Chinese trade flows
and trade balance, inflow FDI contribute significantly to Chinese
exports and thus its trade
surplus with the rest of the world. Interestingly, devaluation of the
Chinese currency Yuan
is found not to affect Chinese trade balance. We also find that both
Chinese income and the
income of the world play important roles in Chinese trade imbalance.
Finally, we find that
Chinese trade imbalance is stable.
|
Daniela
Marconi and Valeria Rolli - 2008
Comparative Advantage Patterns and Domestic Determinants in
Emerging Countries: An Analysis with a Focus on Technology
During the last two decades a number of emerging economies have become
deeply engaged in
technology-intensive production. This has been reflected in their
international trade
specialization shifting from labour-intensive goods towards
capital-intensive ones, and in rapid
productivity gains across all manufacturing activities. The paper
investigates for a sample of
sixteen emerging countries, the linkages between the pattern of
revealed comparative
advantages (RCAs), captured by a modified version of the Lafay index of
international trade
specialization, and the competitiveness structure of the domestic
manufacturing sector,
measured by a set of industry and country-specific variables. Positive
and large RCAs are found
to be associated with low unit labour costs in both low-technology
(high labour-intensive) and
medium- or high-tech sectors. On the other hand, domestic accumulation
of physical capital is
associated with positive and large RCAs in medium- or high technology
sectors. The
international disadvantage (negative RCAs) in technology-intensive
production tends to deepen
for countries with low human capital, whereas it diminishes for
countries with large domestic
markets importing technology through foreign capital goods.
|
Yanrui Wu
- 2008
Comparing Regional Development in China and India
Economic growth in China and India has attracted many headlines
recently. As a result,
the literature comparing the two Asian giants has expanded
substantially. This paper
adds to the literature by comparing regional growth, disparity and
convergence in the
two economies. This is the first of its kind. The paper presents a
detailed examination of
economic growth in the regions of China and India over the past twenty
years. It also
provides an assessment of regional disparity in the two countries and
investigates
whether there is any evidence of regional convergence during the period
of rapid
economic growth. It attempts to identify the sources of regional
disparity and hence
draw policy implications for economic development in the two countries
in the near
future.
|
Kunwang
Li, Ligang Song, and Xingjun Zhao - 2008
Component Trade and China’s Global Economic
Integration
China’s engagement in the so-called international fragmentation of
production – namely ‘cross-border
dispersion of component production/assembly within vertically
integrated manufacturing industries’ – has
become an increasingly important form of its economic integration into
the regional as well as the global
economy. The paper presents the recent trend of trade in parts and
components between China and its
main trading partners. Applying an adjusted gravity modelling method,
the paper explores how China’s
pattern of trade in parts and components is being determined. The paper
found that China’s rapid
economic growth, increasing market size and economies of scale, foreign
direct investment and
infrastructure development including transportation and
telecommunications are important factors in
explaining China’s rapid increase of bilateral trade in parts and
components with its trading partners. The
paper also found that the spatial distance and transportation costs
have significant negative impacts on
China’s trade of parts and components suggesting that the reduction in
transportation costs by
technological innovation and investment could enhance trade in parts
and components, and thereby
deepen the process of international specialization involving China and
its main trading partners. The
paper argues that given the prospects of the rapid growth of the
Chinese economy, its current and planned
massive investments in R&D and in infrastructure, its continual
policies in attracting FDI and its rapid
move towards liberalizing its services sectors including its financial
sectors, the scope for China and its
trading partners to benefit from the process of international
fragmentation of production is tremendous.
|
From Finance and Development - March 2008
Africa's Burgeoning Ties
With China
Jian-Ye Wang and Abdoulaye Bio-Tchané
At the same time that Africa has a responsibility to maximize the
benefits of its economic relationship with China and other nations,
China has an important role to play in ensuring that its economic
partnership with African countries is mutually beneficial.
(244 kb, pdf file)
|
From The Guardian - 29 December 2007
China abandons plans
for huge dam on Yangtze
By David Stanway in Beijing
The Guardian
China has abandoned controversial plans to build a huge dam which would
have submerged one of the country's most renowned tourist areas and
forced the relocation of 100,000 residents in the south-western
province of Yunnan.
In a rare and high-profile victory for China's environmental movement,
the project at Tiger Leaping Gorge on the upper reaches of the Yangtze
river was scrapped during a meeting in the provincial capital, Kunming.
|
New Left
Review 46, July-August 2007
The
Chinese Road
Cities in the Transition to Capitalism
By Richard Walker and Daniel Buck
Modern China is undergoing a relentless process of transformation, from
the forests of construction cranes in its coastal cities to the
gargantuan infrastructure projects in its interior. Its economic
trajectory has been equally dramatic: China is now ranked 4th in the
world by
gdp, rising from 11th in 1990. A range of developments testify to its
rapid progress along the path to a capitalist economy: the
commodification of land and labour, emergence of private firms,
formation of finance capital, among many others.
Yet China scholars have been curiously reluctant to apply the classic
Marxist idea of a transition to capitalism—and its corollary, primitive
accumulation—to the Chinese case. Instead, they quite loosely use terms
such as globalization, marketization, post-socialism, reform era and
market socialism, seemingly unaware of how closely the transformations
under way in China compare with the development of capitalism in Europe
and North America—not to mention many other ‘late developers’ in Asia
and Latin America.
The PRC’s breakneck transition to capitalism seen through the prism of
19th-century Europe and America, as its cities rehearse the processes
analysed by Marx: commodification of land and labour, formation of
markets and capitalist elites. What lessons might the West’s past hold
for China’s future?
|
United
Nations Development Program: China
UNDP is the UN's global development network, advocating for change and
connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help
people build a better life. We are on the ground in 166 countries,
working with them on their own solutions to global and national
development challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on
the people of UNDP and our wide range of partners.
In China, UNDP fosters human development to empower women and men to
build better lives. As the UN’s development network, UNDP draws on a
world of experience to assist China in developing its own solutions to
the country’s development challenges. Through partnerships and
innovation, UNDP works to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and
an equitable Xiao Kang society by reducing poverty, strengthening rule
of the law, promoting environmental sustainability, and fighting
HIV/AIDS.
|
From the
Asian Development Bank
Methodology
of Country Poverty Alleviation in China
A report on methods, guidelines and processes
Table
of Contents, Acknowledgements, and Executive Summary [ 33 pages ]
- Principles
and philosophy underlying County Poverty Alleviation Planning (CPAP)
42 pages
- Introduction
- Institutional
Change, Governance and Important Poverty Policies
- Motivation
for Change in National Poverty Policy
- Monitoring
Poverty Reduction
- Principles
of County Poverty Alleviation Planning (CPAP)
- The
Poverty Pyramid: A Structural and Philosophical Framework for CPAP
- Poor
Village Identification [ 31 pages ]
- Methods
and Procedures
- Procedures
and methods
- Village
Poverty Reduction Planning [ 16 pages ]
- Principles
- Methods
and procedures
- SWOT
& proposal feasibility analysis
- Beneficiary
analysis
- From
project ideas to technical specifications, indicative budgets, and
resource bids
- Presentation
of a Simple village logframe
- Integration
of CPAP into Development Planning [ 20 pages ]
- Introduction
- Procedures
and methods
- The
Economic Perspectives on Poverty Reduction in Rural China [ 12
pages ]
- Identifying
sources of income in poverty counties
- Economic
aspects of livelihood systems of the poor
- Production
potential and constraints in China’s Poverty CountiesAnalyzing the
industrial and agricultural basis for poverty reduction planning of
county
- Poverty
Reduction in Poverty Counties
- Rural
credit and market-oriented microfinance for poverty reduction
- Recommendations
and Conclusions
- A
Sociological Research on Poverty in China [ 22 pages ]
- The
general characteristics
- Causes
of poverty
- Participatory
poverty evaluation on the vulnerable groups
- Organizing
the participation of poor women in the poverty alleviation planning
- Analysis
on the village and county poverty alleviation development planning
- Function
of non-government organizations in planning and developing of poverty
alleviation programs
- The
issue of migration in poverty alleviation
- Recommendations
and policy implications for the planning of participatory poverty
alleviation at the county level
- Infrastructure
Issues in County Poverty Alleviation Planning of China [ 27
pages ]
- Impacts
of Infrastructure Development on Poverty
- Poverty
Characteristics and Needs for Infrastructure
- Costs
and Benefits of Infrastructure Investment
- Poor
Participation in Infrastructure Construction and Maintenance
- Prioritization
of Infrastructure Investment
- Regional
Development and Infrastructure
- A
Sociological Research on Poverty in China [ PDF: 319 KB | 32 pages ]
- Introduction
- Summary
of the training courses
- Annex
- Appendixes
[ 99 pages ]
- Poverty
Alleviation and Community Development Planning for Haizigou Village,
Xiaobazi Township, Fengning County, Hebei Province
- Development
of Poverty Reduction Planning Methodology
- Poverty
Alleviation and Development Program
List of Tables
|
From
the data files of the World Bank
How
to Order
Dancing with the giants: China, India, and the global economy
- 2007
Authors: Yusuf, Shahid and Winters, L. Alan
Abstract: This report takes a dispassionate and critical look at the
rise of China and India, and asks questions about this growth: Where is
it occurring? Who is benefiting most? Is it sustainable? And what are
the implications for the rest of the world? The book considers whether
the Giants' growth will be seriously constrained by weaknesses in
governance, growing inequality, and environmental stresses, and it
concludes that this need not occur. However, it does suggest that the
Chinese and Indian authorities face important challenges in keeping
their investment climates favorable, their inequalities at levels that
do not undermine growth, and their air and water quality at acceptable
levels. The authors also consider China's and India's interactions with
the global trading and financial systems and their impact on the global
commons, particularly with regard to climate. The book finds that the
Giants' growth and trade offer most countries opportunities to gain
economically. However, many countries will face strong adjustment
pressure in manufacturing, particularly those with competing exports
and especially if the Giants' technical progress is strongly export-
enhancing. For a few countries, mainly in Asia, these pressures could
outweigh the economic benefits of larger markets in, and cheaper
imports from, the Giants; and the growth of those countries over the
next fifteen years will be slightly lower as a result. The Giants will
contribute to the increase in world commodity and energy prices but
they are not the principal cause of higher oil prices. The Giants'
emissions of CO2 will grow strongly, especially if economic growth is
not accompanied by steps to enhance energy efficiency. At present, a
one-time window of opportunity exists for achieving substantial
efficiency improvements if ambitious current and future investment
plans embody appropriate standards. Moreover, doing so will not be too
costly or curtail growth significantly. From their relatively small
positions at present, the Giants will emerge as significant players in
the world financial system as they grow and liberalize. Rates of
reserve asset accumulation likely will slow, and emerging pressures
will encourage China to reduce its current account surplus.
|
ChinaWatch
Invasive Snail, Other Species
Threaten China's Eco-Security
Zijun Li –
September 12, 2006 – 5:03am
Over the
past three months, the Amazonian Snail, also known as the golden apple
snail, has wreaked havoc on public health and agricultural land in
China. Since June, the city of Beijing has reported 131 cases of people
infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis, a lungworm
parasite carried by the mollusk, which is native to South America.
China to Invest in
"Combustible Ice" As New Energy Source, Bringing Potential
Environmental Threats
Yingling Liu
– September 7, 2006 – 5:51am
Over the
next decade, China plans to invest 800 million RMB (US $100 million) in
the development of methane gas hydrate—so-called “combustible ice”—to
meet its rising energy demand and alleviate heavy dependence on fossil
fuels.
Acid Rain Affects One-Third
of China; Main Pollutants Are Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Matter
Zijun Li –
August 31, 2006 – 12:32am
Acid rain
caused by worsening air pollution now affects one-third of China’s
landmass, threatening soil quality and food safety, according to Sheng
Huaren, vice chairman of the standing committee of China’s National
People’s Congress.
China to Charge for Urban
Sewage Treatment Later This Year
Zijun Li –
August 24, 2006 – 8:03pm
China's
urban citizens will soon be facing higher water bills as the country
imposes a new charge for city sewage treatment later this year.
China's Income Gap Widening;
ADB Says Addressing Rural Poverty is the Solution
Zijun Li –
August 22, 2006 – 5:18am
A recent
study by China’s National Development Reform Commission reports that
the country’s Gini Index, a measure of household income distribution,
has reached 0.4 (up from 0.37 in 2003), indicating that the rich-poor
gap nationwide continues to grow.
--------------------- |
From
The World Bank - September 2006
Africa's Silk Road:
China and India's New Economic Frontier
China
and India Breaking New Economic Ground in Africa; South-South Trade and
Investment Create Imbalance, Opportunities
--------------------- |
From Monthly Review - July-August 2006
Conditions of the Working
Classes in China
By Robert Weil
This article is based primarily on a series of meetings with workers,
peasants, organizers, and leftist activists that I participated in
during the summer of 2004, together with Alex Day and another student
of Chinese affairs. It is part of a longer paper that is being
published as a special report by the Oakland Institute. The meetings
took place mainly in and around Beijing, as well as in Jilin province
in the northeast, and in the cities of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng in the
central province of Henan. What we heard reveals in stark fashion the
effects of the massive transformations that have occurred in the three
decades following the death of Mao Zedong, with the dismantling of the
revolutionary socialist policies carried out under his leadership, and
a return to the "capitalist road," leaving the working classes in an
increasingly precarious position. A rapidly widening polarization-in a
society that was among the most egalitarian-is occurring between
extremes of wealth at the top and growing ranks of workers and peasants
at the bottom whose conditions of life are daily worsening.
Exemplifying this, the 2006 Fortune list of global billionaires
includes seven in mainland China and one in Hong Kong. Though their
holdings are small compared to those in the United States and
elsewhere, they represent the emergence of a full-blown Chinese
capitalism. Rampant corruption unites party and state authorities and
enterprise managers with the new private entrepreneurs in a web of
alliances that are enriching a burgeoning capitalist class, while the
working classes are exploited in ways that have not been seen for over
half a century.
------------------ |
From United Nations University
World
Institute for Development Economic Research:
DP2003/54
Martin Ravallion:
Externalities in Rural
Development: Evidence for China
(PDF 226KB)
The paper tests for external effects of local economic activity on
consumption and income
growth at the farm household level using panel data from four provinces
of post-reform
rural China. The tests allow for nonstationary fixed effects in the
consumption growth
process. Evidence is found of geographic externalities, stemming from
spillover effects of
the level and composition of local economic activity and private
returns to local human and
physical infrastructure endowments. The results suggest an explanation
for rural
underdevelopment arising from underinvestment in certain
externality-generating
activities, of which agricultural development emerges as the most
important.
-
RP2004/56
Yin Zhang and Guanghua Wan: Output
and Price Fluctuations in China’s Reform Years: What Role did Money
Play? (PDF 219KB)
RP2004/55
Yin Zhang and Guanghua Wan: What
Accounts for China’s Trade Balance Dynamics? (PDF
216KB)
RP2004/54
Yin Zhang and Guanghua Wan: China’s
Business Cycles: Perspectives from an AD–AS Model (PDF
191KB)
RP2006/48
Justin Yifu Lin, Mingxing Liu, Shiyuan Pan, and Pengfei Zhang: Development
Strategy, Viability, and Economic Institutions: The Case of China
(PDF
206KB)
-------------------------
|
From The Economist - 10 August 2006
Chaos in the
classroom
An education policy torn
between the market and the state
The students at Shengda Economics, Trade and Management College, in the
quiet rural town of Longhu, in the central province of Henan, are among
the most privileged in China. So why did they go on a rampage at the
beginning of summer? In June thousands of them stormed through the
grounds of their college, smashing windows and throwing stones at
police cars. It was one of the biggest and most unruly protests on a
university campus reported in China since the 1980s.
---------------------- |
From The Economist - 30 March 2006
The white
peril
China is starting to worry
about the size and impact of the foreign investment it has so
assiduously courted.
“HEAVEN help China,” said a front-page headline last December in China
Industry News, a normally staid state-owned daily paper. For four
months, the newspaper had been running a series of reports into
takeovers of Chinese machine manufacturers by foreign companies. If
such buy-outs of key firms were allowed to continue unfettered, the
newspaper quoted “experts” as saying, China would lose the
high-value-added core of industry built up by the “hard struggle of
successive generations” since the communist takeover in 1949.
------------------------ |
From The Economist - 16 March 2006
Commuting poverty
Poor peasants surround Beijing
“EUROPEAN cities with an
African countryside” is how a report published in China this month
describes the gap between booming Beijing, the nearby port-city of
Tianjin and a “belt of poverty” around them. It is an exaggeration. No
Chinese city has western European levels of development, and
African-style deprivation is rarely seen in China. Yet the gap is huge
and growing. For increasingly vocal critics of China's imbalanced
development, it is a particularly alarming example."
-------------- |
From The New York Times - 12 March 2006
A Sharp Debate Erupts in China Over Ideologies
By Joseph Kahn
"For the first time in perhaps a decade, the National People's
Congress, the Communist Party-run legislature now convened in its
annual two-week session, is consumed with an ideological debate over
socialism and capitalism that many assumed had been buried by China's
long streak of fast economic growth.
The controversy has forced the government to shelve a draft law to
protect property rights that had been expected to win pro forma passage
and highlighted the resurgent influence of a small but vocal group of
socialist-leaning scholars and policy advisers. These old-style leftist
thinkers have used China's rising income gap and increasing social
unrest to raise doubts about what they see as the country's headlong
pursuit of private wealth and market-driven economic development.
------------------- |
BBC World - 23 November 2005
China city braces for toxic
spill
Residents of one of China's biggest cities are bracing for the arrival
of a toxic chemical spill following an industrial accident on its
river. Authorities have shut off water to Harbin after confirmation
that the accident 10 days ago sent pollution downstream towards the
city. "Benzene levels were 108 times above national safety
levels," said China's Environment Protection Administration.
----------------------
China's murky waters
An alert about industrial pollution threatening the Chinese city of
Harbin has cast the spotlight on the huge challenge China faces
improving its water system, as the BBC's Nick Mackie reports from
Chongqing. In the forested hills above the smoggy central Chinese city
of Chongqing, a tiny brook trickles through the tall bamboo. It is
called the Qingshuixi, or "pure stream". Among the trees, a metre-high
concrete dam forms a pool that holds around a barrel of clear water.
This is the reservoir for over 30 households who live 100 metres
downhill and collect their supplies in buckets. In a country where
booming headlines boast near-double digit growth, this may seem
primitive. But the families here are actually lucky, and certainly
better off than the Chinese government's estimate of 360 million people
who lack access to safe drinking water
---------------------
Clean water crisis
30 June 2005
China's rapid economic growth has left its rivers polluted and more
than 300 million people without clean drinking water, a top lawmaker
has said. The lawmaker, Sheng Huaren, said laws to prevent pollution
had failed. Beijing has asked local authorities to improve water
standards, but with no promise of funding it is unlikely any action
will be taken. A BBC correspondent in Beijing says more than 90% of
urban China already suffers from some degree of water pollution.
------------------------ |
From washingtonpost.com - June 5 2005
Rumsfeld: China's Military Buildup a Threat
By MATT KELLEY
The Associated Press
Saturday, June 4, 2005; 6:44 AM
SINGAPORE -- China's military buildup, particularly its positioning of
hundreds of missiles facing Taiwan, is a threat to Asian security,
Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said Saturday.
Rumsfeld rebuked China at a regional security conference here, saying
it was pouring huge resources into its military and buying large
amounts of sophisticated weapons despite facing no threat from any
other country.
-----------------
The official Chinese answer to Rumsfeld's attack
Don Quixote in the Pentagon
Since the formation of the new interim Iraqi government and the shift
of US army's main task to the training of new army and police for Iraq,
senior officers of the Pentagon, like Don Quixote, are again seeking
new rivals worldwide, thus beginning to preach the "China threat
theory", of whom, the most energetic trumpeter is Defense Secretary
Donald Rumsfeld.
------------------- |
14 April 2005 - From The New York Times
Rural Chinese Riot as
Police Try to Halt Pollution Protest
By Jiam Hardley
Thousands of people rioted Sunday in a village in southeastern China,
overturning police cars and driving away officers who had tried to stop
elderly villagers from protesting against pollution from nearby
factories, witnesses said Wednesday.
By Wednesday afternoon, the witnesses say, crowds convened in the
village, Huaxi, in Zhejiang Province to gawk at a stunning tableau of
destroyed police cars and shattered windows. Police officers were
reported to be barring reporters from the scene, but local people
reached by telephone said villagers controlled the riot area.
---------------------- |
From The Economist - 10 April 2005
The silent majority
Beihe village, Shandong
A rare look inside a Chinese village
IN A country where 800m people, about 60% of the population, live in
the countryside on an average income of less than a dollar a day, rural
backwardness weighs heavily on the minds of China's leaders as they
dream of joining the ranks of the world's leading economies. And in a
country whose Communist Party came to power on the back of a peasant
rebellion, distant memories of the vehemence of rural discontent arouse
fears that unless something is done to make peasants happier, China
will be plunged into turmoil. To assess China's future, it is crucial
to understand the countryside. But it is not easy. Despite China's
increasing openness to prying foreign eyes, the dynamics of village
life remain hidden away. Although the Chinese media report extensively
on rural problems, foreign journalists require government approval to
conduct interviews in the countryside (as indeed, in theory, they do
for any off-base reporting in China).
-------------------- |
1 March 2005
The U.S. and China - The Global
Economy's Odd Couple
By Guy Pfeffermann and
Bernard Wasow
The United States and China are united in some strange ways, including
that they are both experiencing greater income inequality. They also
engage in some other risky economic policies. Guy Pfeffermann and
Bernard Wasow explore the reasons behind the U.S.-Chinese cycle of
mutual dependence.
------------------ |
3 books that can change your mind in 2005 about
the geo-politic and geo-economic dynamics going on
Interviews by Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues , editor of Gurusonline.tv,
January 2005
The China Factor and the
Overstretch of the US hegemony
George Zhibin Gu,
Chinese consultant based in Shenzhen and author of the forthcoming
"China's Global Reach" (Haworth Press, US)
Chalmers Johnson, president of the Japan Policy
Research Institute and author of "The Sorrows of Empire" (Metropolitan
Books, US)
André Gunder Frank, associate of the Luxembourg
Institute for Education and International Studies and author of the
forthcoming "ReOrient the Nineteenth Century" (a sequel of his 1998's
"ReOrient")
------- Note by Róbinson
Rojas: I recommend A. G. Frank paper "Meeting Uncle Sam -without clothes..." for
a deeper understanding of his remarks in the above interview |
Published in Monthly Review website, January 2005
On December 24, 2004,
Maoists in China get three year prison sentence for leafleting
When liberal writers
Liu Xiaobo and Yu Jie were recently (and briefly) detained by Chinese
police, there was a world wide chorus of denunciation. The liberal
writers' endorsement of the U.S. aggression in Iraq made them even more
heroic in the eyes of the Murdoch-dominated press. Not surprisingly,
there has been no coverage whatsoever of a more egregious case of
crackdown on dissent—because it is dissent from the left. On December
21, 2004, four Maoists were tried in Zhengzhou for having handed out
leaflets that denounced the restoration of capitalism in China and
called for a return to the “socialist road.”
--------------- |
Rivers Run Black, and
Chinese Die of Cancer
September 12, 2004
By JIM YARDLEY, The New York Times
---
Note by Róbinson Rojas: This investigation by Jim
Yardley illustrates what the Chinese capitalist ruling class is doing
in China to make of its economy a "powerhouse" for the enrichment of
the few and the suffering of the many. This is what some of us
define as "savage capitalism". Of course, this local
environmental catastrophe help to make even more dramatic the global
environmental catastrophe, both driven by the partnership between the
Chinese capitalist class and the international capitalist class. It
seems to me that international public action is necessary to stop this
crime against the Chinese population and life on planet earth.
---
|
OECD document:
Environmental
Priorities for China Sustainable Development (pdf, 287Kb,English)
View
long abstract 03-Mar-2004
------------------- |
China's growing pains
Aug 19th 2004
From The Economist print edition
The dark side of China's stunning boom includes pollution and a
collapsing state health-care system |
China's Land Grabs Raise
Specter of Popular Unrest
Peasants Resist
Developers, Local Officials
By Edward Cody
Washington Post Foreign Service
October 5, 2004
FUZHOU, China -- A half-dozen policemen burst into Lin Zhengxu's home
and grabbed him as he awoke from an afternoon nap. After beating and
kicking him, family and neighbors recalled, the policemen immobilized
Lin's arms by pulling his shirt halfway over his head. Then they tried
to carry him off to jail. But the police had not counted on Lin's
friends and neighbors. After years of fighting back against the
government's seizure of their rice paddies and vegetable plots, they
fought to help the man leading their battle. |
D. T. Rowland, 1992
Family characteristics
of internal migration in China
Social factors and
family considerations play an important part in shaping migration
patterns and influencing outcomes
|
China's economic reforms
likely to increase internal migration
(October 2002) Despite
the restrictions and economic penalties associated with migration in
China, large numbers of rural Chinese are leaving their villages for
cities and coastal provinces, and many more will likely do so now that
China is a full member of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
|
From The Economist - April 2000
Demystifying China. A Survey
----------------------- |
Cai Fang, 2000
The invisible hand and
visible feet: internal migration in China
As a part of traditional planned economy, population migration and
labor
mobility in China were strictly controlled by the authorities before
the 1980s.
To be more precise, cross-regional migration was controlled by public
security departments and it was almost impossible to make any
rural-urban
migration without authoritative plans or official agreement; Industrial
transfer of labor force was controlled by departments of labor and
personnel
management, and there was no free labor market at all. But the most
strictly
controlled were the transfer from rural to urban areas, and from
farmers to
non-agricultural workers. This control has functioned through the
Household
Registration System (Hukou System), a typical Chinese registration
system
of permanent residence that segregates rural and urban areas strictly.
|
Chen Chunlai, 1997:
Provincial characteristics and foreign direct investment
location decision within China |
Chen Chunlai, 1997:
The location determinant of Foreign Direct Investment in
developing countries |
Chen Chunlai, 1997:
Comparison of investment behaviour of source countries in
China |
I. Ramonet, August 2004
China wakes up and alarm the
world |
| Human Rights in China |
| Shanghai Urban
Environment Project |
DP 2001/76
Qingxuan Meng and Mingzhi Li: New
Economy and ICT Development in China
Laixiang Sun: Economics
of China's Joint-Stock Co-operatives
DP2002/13 Jiahua Che:
From
the Grabbing Hand to the Helping Hand: A Rent Seeking Model of China's
Township-Village Enterprises
|
STRATFOR INTELLIGENCE BRIEF (29 April 2004)
Moscow Takes Charge of Chinese-Russian Trade Relations
Moscow's fear of
Beijing's encroaching economic power is prompting Russia to erect trade
barriers against its southern neighbor. Russia will continue to sell
China oil and weapons -- but on Russian terms. |
Country
Economic Memorandum (WB 15/Sept./2003)
China. Promoting Growth with
Equity
"International
experience suggests that the effect of globalization on economic
growth, poverty and income distribution can vary significantly among
countries, and that its impact depends crucially on national policies.
This report assesses the possible patterns of inequality in China in
the future, and outlines policy options that could help accomplish
China ' s objective of growth with equity. For sustaining growth, the
report emphasizes the freer flow of resources and goods and services in
the economy, to be achieved by domestic market integration and
flexibility. The report suggests that the cost of market fragmentation
and rigidities is high, and highlights measures to reduce local
protectionism, facilitate migration, and commercialize the banking
sector. To optimize the results of domestic market integration and
promote growth with equity, the report proposes a package of policy
actions that would promote new job opportunities, especially in the
less developed regions, and raise returns on farm labor and land. Among
these, the report highlights investing in people, promoting the
diffusion of technology, facilitating urban agglomeration, expanding
services and enhancing farmers ' prospects. Finally, the report tackles
the social, economic and fiscal risks that may threaten future growth
and distributional performance. In particular, it suggests extending
different types of formal social security in both urban and rural
areas, for fixing the inter- government fiscal system in order to
facilitate the provision of public services, and for managing fiscal
risk beyond the government budget and officially recognized debt..." |
World
Bank: World Development Indicators 2001
for China
Background of NIPR's China
Research |
China Dimensions Data Collection:
A
variety of socioeconomic data including Geographic Information System
(GIS) databases that cover the administrative regions of China,
presented at a scale of 1:1,000,000. These databases may be integrated
with agricultural, land use, environmental, and socioeconomic data to
track China's economic growth, population increases, and environmental
change. |
IIASA: Can China feed itself? A System for Evaluation of Policy
In Focus: China in the WTO: the debate |
Haishun Sun Dilip Dutta: China's economic growth
during 1984-93: a case of regional dualism
T. Heberer: The peasantry as the motive force
for change in the People's Republic of China |
| In Focus: The big issues in U.S.-China
relations:the silent debate |
China's intelligence on U.S.
nuclear arsenal:
Stolen Technology Used in
Three Years (Financial
Times)
THE
COX REPORT:
Overview of the Cox report
PRC Theft
of U.S. Nuclear Warhead Design Information
High
Performance Computers (Edited by Dr. Róbinson
Rojas)
Satellite
Launches in the PRC - Loral
Satellite
Launches in the PRC - Hughes
U.S.
Export Policy Toward the PRC
Launch Site Security in the
PRC
Manufacturing
Processes
Recommendations
Appendices
PRC
Missile and Space Forces
Commercial
Space Insurance |
The Cox Report
(The United States House of Representatives) |
Washington Post: China
CIA World Factbook 1997: China
The World Bank: East Asia and the Pacific
Inside
China Today — Service of the European Information Network, Inc.
Reuters : China to shutter
small steel plants ( January 2000)
Dai Xiaohua: 'East
Asian Model': A few problems, but it works
China's Financial
Reform: Achievements and Challenges.
B. Naughton
Institutional
Implications of WTO Accession for China.
R. Steinberg
_________________________________
D.Welker: The
Chinese Military-Industrial Complex Goes Global, 1997
M. Noland: China and the
international economic system, 1995
Amei Zhang: Economic Growth and
Human Development in China, 1996
Y. Fernandez and P. Tonchev: China
in East Asia: from isolation to a regional superpower status (1998)
_______________________________________________
China Academic Journal Publications
China WWWVL-Internet Guide for China Studies
Human
rights in China
_______________________________________________
China
Informed
Society
for Anglo-Chinese Understanding
The
South China Morning Post Internet Edition
China News Digest
Digital Chinese Library (University of California)
Yahoo on China
China and the IMF |
| |
| |
| China-US
Relations...........................Back |
M. Noland: US-China Economic Relations-1996
United States Trade
|
| Taiwan.......
.Back |
Asia
and the Pacific
Taiwan
statistical yearbooks
National
Statistics
Government Information
Office
Taiwan Security
Research |
| Cultural
Revolution....................................Back |
Decision
Concerning The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (Adopted
on 8 August 1966, by the CC of the CCP)
Chang Chun-chiao:On
Excercising All-round Dictatorship over the bourgeoisie
Yao Wen-yuan:On
The Social Basis Of The Lin Piao Anti-Party Clique
Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy: Chinese
Marxism
R.Rojas:Class
Stratification in the Chinese Countryside (1979)
R.Rojas:Class
Analysis in Socialist China (1977)
R.Rojas:The Chinese
attempt to build a socialist society (notes)
R.Rojas:On
the cultural revolution (1968)
R.Rojas:The
end of the Chinese revolution (1978) |
| International
Trade..............................Back |
Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of
China
Statistics on Imports and Exports
China: Exports
1985-1996
China: Imports
1985-1996 China: Trade
by country, 1993-1996
Ninth
Ministerial Meeting of the Group of 77 and China on Globalization
(1999) |
| Hong Kong...........................
.........Back |
HK Government Information Centre
Hong Kong Trade Development Council
Washington Post: Hong Kong
Newspapers:
Apple
Daily
Asia Times
Express
News
Hong
Kong Commercial Daily
Hong Kong Racing Journal
Hong
Kong Standard
Ming
Pao
The Saint News Sing Tao
South China
Morning Post
Ta
Kung Pao |
| Mao Zedong
selected works................Back |
On class analysis
Analysis of the
classes in Chinese society (1926)
How to differentiate the classes in
the rural areas (1933)
On political and economic work
Report on an
investigation of the peasant movement in Hunan (1927)
Why is it that red
political power can exist in China? (1928)
On correcting
mistakes ideas in the Party (1929)
Pay attention to economic work
(1933)
Our Economic Policy
(1934) Be concerned with the
well-being of the masses, pay attention
to methods of work
(1934)
On protracted war
(1938)
In memory of Norman
Bethune (1939)
On new democracy
(1940)
On epistemology
On Practice. On the
relation between knowledge and practice, between knowing and doing
(1937)
On Contradiction
(1937)
On the Ten Great
Relationships (1956)
On the Soviet betrayal of the
socialist revolution
On Khrushchov's
phoney communism and its historical lessons (1964)
Refutation of the
so-called party of the entire people (1964)
The polemic on the
general line of the international communist movement
On bureaucratic
socialism
Reading
Notes on the Soviet Text ‘Political Economy’ (1961-1962)
Concerning
‘Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR’ (November
1958)
Critique
of Stalin’s ‘Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR’
Read also:
Mao Zedong Works - Marxists Internet Archive
Texts by Mao Zedong
published by the Maoist Internationalist Movement
|
Official information
from People's Republic of China:
Premier Wen delivers gov't
work report
to CPPCC Annual Session 2009
NPC, CPPCC
Annual Sessions 2009
5 March
2011
NPC
starts annual session 2011
Key targets of China's 12th five-year plan
China strives to readjust income distribution to stop
yawning gap
China targets 7% annual growth of per capita urban and
rural income in next five years
China on the global financial
crisis 2008
China
Facts and Figures:
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
National
Bureau of Statistics of China
Home - Agency Information - Statistical
Data - Statistical Communiqués
Laws & Regulations - Statistical Standards - Programs & Indicators - International Cooperation - Publications
China
Statistical Yearbook 2008
From the
official Chinese government web portal:
White Papers
China View - Xinhua online
-
China Internet Information
Center
|
Institute of World Economics and Politics
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
From
the Institute of World Economics and Politics
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing, CHINA （2007）
Transition and Health Status in China
By Lu Aiguo
Transition to market in China has been commonly viewed as highly
successful.
Compared with other transition economies, China’s economic performance
is indeed
quite outstanding. Since the onset of the reforms in 1978, GDP has
grown at the
annual rate of about 9%, which is now 10 times as it was in 1979. Per
capita national
income grew from less than 100 in 1978 to over 1,500 USD in 2006. As a
result,
China undoubtedly becomes wealthier and the overall standards of living
are
improved notably.
According to conventional wisdom, rapid growth of national wealth
should be
followed by favorable human development records, especially the rising
health status
of the population. This paper discusses health outcomes during market
transition in
China. After a brief presentation of the health profile, an assessment
of government
policies in health sector is provided which are deemed largely
responsible for the
changes in health status. In the concluding remarks, a few lessons are
drawn from the
Chinese experiences in health sector during transition.
|
From The People's Daily - Beijing - 16 March 2007
China's
parliament adopts enterprise income tax law
China's parliament, the National People's Congress, adopted the
enterprise income tax law Friday morning with 2,826 votes for and 37
against, and 22 abstentions, a key signal of a phase-in end of superior
treatments to foreign investors for two decades.
The 60-article law was ratified by the lawmakers as they concluded
their 11.5-day annual full session at the Great Hall of the People in
downtown Beijing. The law is due to take effect on Jan.
1,2008.
The voting result, announced by NPC Standing Committee Chairman Wu Bangguo, was warmly applauded by
lawmakers. Four legislators did not cast their votes.
The law, which sets unified income tax rate for domestic and foreign
companies at 25 percent, came after years of criticism that the
original dual income tax mechanism is unfair to domestic enterprises.
2 March 2007
Official
report points to widening income gap in China
Salaries have grown steadily in China over the past 15 years, but the
income gap has widened significantly, according to a report by the
National Development and Reform Commission.
Urbanites earn three times as much as rural dwellers on average,
according to the report. In 2005 the top 10 percent of city earners
earned nine times as much as the poorest 10 percent and in rural areas
the gap was a factor of 7.
|
China Education and Research
Network
-------------- |
UNCTAD 2005
China in a globalizing world
----------------- |
Report on the work of the government
Delivered
at the Fourth Session of the Tenth National People's Congress on March
5, 2006, by Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council
Part I Part II Part III
-----------
Obstructers of cross-Straits relations doomed to fail:
Chinese Premier (10:54, March 05, 2006)
Facts and figures: China's drive to build socialist
new countryside (10:23, March 05, 2006)
Facts and figures: China's major achievements in 2005 (10:23,
March 05, 2006)
Facts and figures: China's major targets for 2006 (10:23,
March 05, 2006)
China pledges elimination of rural compulsory
education charges in two years (10:20, March 05, 2006)
China to cut energy consumption by 4 percent in 2006 (10:04,
March 05, 2006)
China to spend 14% more in building "new countryside" (10:04,
March 05, 2006)
China hikes sci-tech input by 19.2%, jump-starting
drive for "innovative country" (09:52, March 05, 2006)
China to see 7.5 percent annual growth in next 5 years (10:04,
March 05, 2006)
China expects 8% growth in 2006: Premier Wen (10:25,
March 05, 2006)
Premier Wen delivers report on the work of the
government (10:32, March 05, 2006)
China's defense budget to exceed 280 billion yuan (09:39,
March 05, 2006)
-------------------- |
The second generation of migrant
workers
Year 2005
Peripheral
Citizens -- The 2nd Generation Migrant Worker - December 31
Towards True Urbanization - December 28
China's Floating Citizens - December 27
1 Million Migrant Workers in Shanghai Join Trade
Unions - December 16
East China Migrant Workers Seek Spouses Through Haste
Marriage - December 16
Equal Opportunities for Education - November 29
Rise in Rural Divorces - November 29
Migrant Workers Struck in Loosening Wedlock -
November 25
Cities Urged to Open Wider to Migrant Workers -
November 18
Migrant Workers Becoming Rural Middle Class -
November 15
'Small Potatoes' Help Keep Order - November 02
Mobiles Better Migrant Workers' Lives - October
21
Migrant Workers Barred from Tourist Resort -
October 19
Name, But Do Not Shame, Migrant Workers -
October 10
Specific Migrant Workers' Rights Reg Issued -
September 16
Outstanding Migrant Workers Praised - September
13
Hangzhou's Migrant Workers to Get Resident Status by
2010 - September 12
Long, Hard Road to Retrieve Defaulted Wages -
July 17
Guangdong to Adopt New Laws to Protect Workers' Rights
- June 03
Urban, Rural Children as Equals - June 01
Nation Seeks Inter-provincial Labor Cooperation
- June 01
Chinese Construction Workers Join Trade Unions -
May 30
Migrants Search for a New Life - April 27
Migrants Learn About Legal Rights - April 19
----------------- |
Address
by President Hu Jintao of China at the Opening Ceremony of the 2005
FORTUNE Global Forum
Beijing - 16 May 2005
The theme of the Forum, "China and the New Asian Century", gives full
expression to the widespread interest in the prospects of development
in China and Asia as a whole, as well as in the impact of their
development on global economic growth. It also shows that with surging
economic globalization, China and Asia arequickly becoming a new growth
engine for the world while the global boom is also generating more
important opportunities for China and Asia. Continued
mutually-beneficial economic cooperation and rising interdependence
among the world's countries will usher in an even better future for
global economy in development.
----------------- |
5 March 2005
Third Session. 10th
National People's Congress
From Xinjua News agency:
-- Wen Reiterates Longing for Harmonious Society
-- Premier: China Targets 8% Growth in 2005
-- Chinese Mainland Keeps Working for Resumption of
Cross-Strait Talks
-- All Agricultural Taxes to Be Scrapped in 2006
-- Govt Proposes US$1.3b on Reemployment in 2005
-- China to Finish Trimming 200,000 Troops This Year
-- Four-point Guidelines on Cross-Straits Relations Set
Forth by President Hu (Full Text) >
------------------- |
China issues white paper on employment
Beijing.-(26 April
2004).- The 13,290-word White Paper in square Chinese characters notes
that China has a population of nearly 1.3 billion, and therefore, to
solve the employment issue in the country is a strenuous, arduous and
pressing task.
In
Detail | Full Text
| China's
employment problem
China moves to raise
employment in rural areas |
National
Bureau of Statistics of China:
Agency
Information - Laws
& Regulations
Statistical
Standards - Survey
programs
Statistical
Indicators - New Release
- Statistical
Data
International
Cooperation - News
and coming events
Related
links |
China Internet Information Center:
National
Economic and Social Development 2003 - Focus on
Constitutional Amendment - China:
Facts and Figures - China Statistics
- That Was the Year That Was (2003) - "Three
Represents" - Government
White Papers - Press
Conferences - China
News and Report - National
Development Zones - Development
of China's Market Economy - Profits of
industrial enterprises - White Papers of the
Government - Investment
in China FAQ - WTO China
Updates - China's
Religious Affairs - Leading
Universities in China - China's First
Manned Space Flight |
National Economic and Social Development 2003
Development Gateway: China |
Statistical communique of the People's
Republic of China on the 2002 national, economic and social development
1st part--- 2nd part
NATIONAL BUREAU OF
STATISTICS
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
February 28, 2003
------------------ |
China 2002
Facts and Figures
ECONOMY
- AGRICULTURE
- INDUSTRY
AND CONSTRUCTION - INVESTMENT
IN FIXED ASSETS - TRANSPORTATION
- POSTS
AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS - BANKING,
SECURITIES AND INSURANCE - DOMESTIC
TRADE - FOREIGN
ECONOMIC RELATIONS
-
INCOME | RESIDENTIAL QUARTERS | WELFARE - EDUCATION | SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
| CULTURE AND ART | PUBLIC HEALTH | SPORTS - STATE ORGANS | THE
COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA | MULTI-PARTY COOPERATION
AND THE POLITICAL CONSULTATIVE SYSTEM | JURISDICTION | HONG KONG | MACAO
| - TAIWAN | RELIGION | RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES
-
NATIONAL FLAG, NATIONAL EMBLEM, NATIONAL CAPITAL,
NATIONAL ANTHEM | ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES | NATURAL RESOURCES | CLIMATE | POPULATION, ETHNIC GROUPS
Environmental protection
--------------------
|
| Financial Situation in China in
1996 |
Ministry of Foreign Trade and
Economic Cooperation
Almanac of Foreign
Trade and Economic Cooperation:
I/E
Statistic / Foreign
Investment / Foreign
Economic Cooperation |
| Embassy of the P.R.C. in the U.S.A |
| China
Education and Research Network |
China: 20 years of reforms
Gross
National Product & Annual Growth Rate [Chart]
Amount of Foreign Capital Actually Utilized [Chart]
Total Investment in Fixed Assets [Chart]
Output of Grain [Chart]
Government Revenue and expenditure [Chart]
Total Retail Sales of Consumer Goods [Chart]
Foreign Reserve [Chart]
Students Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education [Chart]
Number of Major National Achievements in Scientific
& Technological Research [Chart] |
Agricultural Statistics of the People's Republic of China,
1949-1990
296 tables on:
Basic Social and Economic Indicators - Grain Statistics - Fiber and
Oilseed Statistics - Economic and Other Crop Statistics - Livestock
Statistics - Agricultural Input Statistics - Agricultural Price
Statistics - Costs of Agricultural Production - Agricultural Trade
Statistics - Consumption and Expenditure |
National Statistics of the People's Republic of China,
1990-2002
48 tables on:
National Accounts - Balance of Payments - Trade - External and Domestic
Debt - Money and Credit - Fiscal Accounts - Agriculture - Industry -
Wages - Employment - Investment - Energy - Transport |
| |
|
more
...White Papers of the Government
|
China At a Glance
Constitution of the PRC
CPC and State Organs
Chinese Leadership
White Papers of Chinese Government
Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping
English Websites in China |
State Statistics Bureau:
China's Industrial Structure and Trade (1993)
China's individually owned economy (1989) |
| Units/people
engaged in tertiary industry (1994) |
| Production
and Investment Picking Up -January-September 1998 |
| Statistical
communique of the People's Republic of China on the 1998 national
economic and social development |
| Budget
deficit 1998= 96 billion/Budget deficit 1999=150 billion |
| Agriculture: |
| Decision
of the CPC Central Committee on Several Major Issues Concerning
Agriculture and Rural Work (October 14, 1998) |
| Li Rongxia: Agriculture Enters New Development Stage (1999) |
| China
Expedites Agricultural Legislation (1999) |
| Cai Jin: Trend of China's Grain Supply |
| What will
farmers grow in 1999? |
| Fu Chen/J. Davis:Land reform in China since de mid-1980s |
| Employment/unemployment: |
| An Yunqi: Changing Political, Social Attitudes of Chinese
Workers (1982-1997) |
| Huang Ying: Beijing completing census on migrant workers (1997) |
| Xie Liangjun: Coal mine fatalities spark safety guidelines (1997) |
| China
Worker's Daily defends laid off women workers in Hebei (1997) |
| Workers
get overdue money after boss flees (1997) |
| Workers
should set up plan to rate bosses (1997) |
| Environment: |
China's
environmental situation 1999: worsening |
Air pollution
cost: 110 billion yuan per year |
State Environmental Protection Administration |
Shanghai: Urban
Environment Project |
| Government: |
| Jiang Zemin: Report to the 15th Congress. (1998) |
Ninth
National People's Congress (1998)
Second Session of Ninth NPC/CPPCC -1999 |
| Li Peng: Report on work of government. March 1998 |
| Excerpts
from Premier Zhu Rongji's first press conference. 19/03/98 |
| Government
Restructuring and Macroeconomic goals.- 1998 |
Ministry
of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Commerce of the
People's Republic of China
National
Bureau of Statistics
State
Economic & Trade Commission
More
Links
|
China Light Industry
Information
China Chemical Network
Economic & Technological
Development Zones
Chinademands
|
Tsinghua University
Peking University
Fudan University
Shanghai JiaoTong University
Renming University
More Links
|
China Travel Service
China International Travel Service
|
International Channel of Tanfo Online
Near China
Cncotton.com
|
| Media...............
.............Back |
-----
Xinhua
News Agency
Politics - Economics - Technology - Education - Digest - Information - Military - Sports - Others
-----
People's Daily
China At a Glance - Constitution of the PRC - CPC and State Organs - Chinese Leadership - White Papers of Chinese Government - Selected
Works of Deng Xiaoping - English
Websites in China
-----
China Internet Information Center
China Daily
China Radio
International
China
Centeral Television Station
Beijing Review
Eastday
Shanghai Daily
Dalian
Daily
South China Morning Post
People's Liberation Army Daily
-----
China Today
General
Information - Art
& Humanities - Cities
& Provinces - Culture
& Tradition - Diplomatic
Missions - Education
& School - Entertainment - Finance
& Banking - Government
- Health & Medicine - History & Dynasties - Investment
& Stock - IT
& Computer - International
Trade - Law & Justice - Media
& Publication - Military
& Army - Organizations
- People & Society - Personal & Hobby - Real
Estates - Reference & Library - Science
& Tech. - Shopping
& Auction - Social Science - Sports
& Recreation - Statistics
& Data - Travel
& Tour - Who's
Who
----- |
