RP2006/29
Deepak Nayyar:
Development
through Globalization?
(PDF 127KB)
This paper seeks to analyze the prospects for development in a changed
international
context, where globalization has diminished the policy space so
essential for countries
that are latecomers to development. The main theme is that, to use the
available policy
space for development, it is necessary to redesign strategies by
introducing correctives
and to rethink development by incorporating different perspectives, if
development is to
bring about an improvement in the well-being of people. In redesigning
strategies, some
obvious correctives emerge from an understanding of theory and a study
of experience
that recognizes not only the diversity but also the complexity of
development. In
rethinking development, it is imperative to recognize the importance of
initial
conditions, the significance of institutions, the relevance of politics
in economics and
the critical role of good governance. Even if difficult, there is also
a clear need to create
more policy space for national development, by reshaping the rules of
the game in the
world economy and contemplating some governance of globalization.
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Markets,
politics and globalization: can the global economy be civilized?
(10h Prebisch Lecture,
December 2000),
by Gerald Karl Helleiner,
Centre for International Studies University of Toronto, Canada.
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The rights of the rich versus
the rights of the poor
By J.
Gledhill - 2005
The problem with neo-liberal notions of “participation” and
“empowerment” is
that they empower unequal actors equally, leaving the basic structures
of social power
beyond question since no one remains excluded (even if those “included”
as
interlocutors of government sometimes represent little more than
themselves where
they have become disarticulated from their bases or possess bases that
are more
virtual than real). Tinkering with the rules governing property
development may
produce some beneficial social consequences, but these will remain
limited while
there is no space from which to challenge the rights of the better off
to shop in
boutiques and segregate themselves spatially from working people whose
main
prospects for livelihood will be geared to the continuing growth of an
economy built
around the present distribution of income and assets. A state oil
company turned into a
public interest corporation with shareholders like Brazil’s Petrobras
may conceivably
generate more resources for social programs as a player in the global
energy services
market than it would do as a traditional state monopoly, but “the
people” now have... |
Latin American
Politics and Society - Summer
2001
State developmentalism without a developmental state: The
public foundations of the "free market miracle" in Chile
By Kurtz, Marcus
If export orientation is a goal in a sustainable development strategy,
this study argues that public interventions at the sectoral level in a
variety of markets can produce economic reorientation that pursues
international comparative advantage faster and at lower cost than free
market forces can. Pervasive failures in information, credit, input,
distribution, and insurance markets can render strictly market-based
adjustment both slow and costly. Although Chile's export boom and high
growth rates have been associated with its free market economic
policies, this article, based on a comparison of the fruit, fish, and
forestry sectors, contends that new forms of public intervention were
crucial catalysts in shaping a sustained export response.
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The essence of neoliberalism
By P.
Bourdieu - 1998
As the dominant discourse would have it, the economic world is a pure
and perfect order, implacably unrolling the logic of its predictable
consequences, and prompt to repress all violations by the sanctions
that it inflicts, either automatically or —more unusually — through the
intermediary of its armed extensions, the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) and the policies they impose: reducing labour costs, reducing
public expenditures and making work more flexible. Is the dominant
discourse right? What if, in reality, this economic order were no more
than the implementation of a utopia - the utopia of neoliberalism -
thus converted into a political problem? One that, with the aid
of the economic theory that it proclaims, succeeds in conceiving of
itself as the scientific description of reality?
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Economy and the re-invention
of the Mexican state
By J. G.
Vargas-Hernández - 1999
In recent years, the important role of the State in formulating and
implementing economic
policies towards achieving societal growth and development has, broadly
speaking,
undergone many changes and transformations. In Mexico, the
protectionist, statist and
populist regime has been replaced by the so-called neoliberal state
model which can be said to
have achieved some impressive results in terms of economic growth and
development.
Unfortunately, increasing poverty is one of the most distressing
results of neoliberal policies.
Further disappointing results include rising unemployment, slumping
incomes, and a
widening gap between rich and poor, leading to fissures in society and
a fueling of guerrilla
warfare and crime waves. This article focuses on the fundamental
concepts of representation,
economic functions and the organization of state models in Mexico.
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The state, privatization and
educational policy:
a critique of neoliberalism in Latin America and some ethical and
political implications
By C. A.
Torres - 2000
Nota Bene:
This paper focuses on the notion of external assistance in neoliberal
times.
A central component of external assistance in educational policy is to
propose an ethos of privatization in the context of the neoliberal
state
with a prominent role played by neoliberal international organizations.
To
illustrate the theoretical distinctions resulting from drastic changes
from a
liberal state to a neoliberal state, and the key dilemmas and tensions
of
external aid in this process, this paper discusses the role of the
World Bank
as an important neoliberal institution in the globalization of
capitalism.
While an in-depth discussion of the World Bank’s policies and
practices, or
its political economy, are beyond the intend of this paper, by focusing
on
key elements of the World Bank’s lending process but particularly
research policies, this paper addresses key ethical (and political)
dilemmas
of educational research and planning.
Not to be cited, quoted or references
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Globalization or Empire: new
tendencies in contemporary capitalism?
By B.
Ramirez - 2003
Despite the fact that contemporary social paradigms emphasize the
importance
of particularity and specific topics in order to describe reality, it
is remarkable how
two knowledgeable researchers have joined their experiences and studies
in the effort
to develop new directions for understanding the global order. In times
when the
moment and the here and the now are important, they use an historical
perspective that
seeks to understand the evolution of the world, in an attempt to
analyse in detail the
passage from the modern to the post-modern period, from Imperialism to
Empire, as a
strong effort to understand movements in society and changes in space.
Under this
context, Hardt and Negri intend to develop new trends for understanding
contemporary
capitalism in what is considered an unbounded and open space.
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The neoliberal state (from
"The World Bank and
the State")
Bretton
Woods Project - 1999 |
Neo-liberalism and the Women's
Movement in Canada
By L.
Trimble - 2005 |
Invited and invented spaces of
participation: neoliberal citizenship and Feminists' expanded notion of
politics
By F.
Miraftab - 2004 |
The relationship between
neoliberalism
and authoritarian states: the case of Turkey
By M. Yilmaz
Sener - 2004 |
Neoliberal globalism and the
local state:
a regulation approach
By R.
Broomhill - 2002 |
The old empire coming back:
revisiting another experience of liberation
under occupation
By H.
Motoyama - 2004
Celebrating this year's International Women's Day, US President Bush
proudly stated that
the attacks against Afghanistan and Iraq brought liberation to more
than 25 millions of
women and girls, suggesting that military force is an effective tool
for women's liberation.
While this "new empire" which claims to be the champion of women's
liberation is
certainly serious concern for us, feminists in Asia, in this
presentation I should like to focus
on the old empire that still dominates our life.
The “Operation Iraqi Freedom” was reportedly based on the Japanese
model, the successful
“regime change” of 60 years ago from aggressive authoritarian military
regime to liberal
democracy. Surely it was proved to be a success for the United States,
as the Japanese
government remains firm as most royal ally in supporting the "war for
freedom," even
violating its Constitution that prohibits the government from sending
troops overseas.
One
should wonder, however, whether democratization had ever taken place
after that disastrous
Pacific War, as a number of politicians justify the past aggressions
against Asian peoples,
openly attack sex education or gender-free education, and make
misogynist statements like
“women who don’t bear children got no right to receive pensions”. In
short, we are seeing
the old authoritarian anti-democracy anti-women empire coming back,
hand in hand with
the new empire that calls for "just war" to free repressed women. How
should we
understand this peculiar "alliance of the will"?
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The
process that has come to be known as globalization -i.e.,
the progressively greater influence being exerted by worldwide
economic, social and cultural processes over national or regional
ones- is clearly leaving its mark on the world of today. This is
not a
new process. Its historical roots run deep. Yet the dramatic changes in
terms of space and time being brought about by the communications
and information revolution represent a qualitative break with the past.
In the light of these changes, the countries of the region have
requested
the secretariat to focus the deliberations of the twenty-ninth session
of
ECLAC on the issue of globalization and development.
ECLAC: Twenty-ninth Session - Brasilia, Brazil
6-10 MAY 2002
Globalization and development
In the past decade the concept of globalization has been
employed widely in academic and political debate, but the meanings
attributed to the term are far from consistent. In this document it is
used to refer to the growing influence exerted at the local, national
and
regional levels by financial, economic, environmental, political,
social
and cultural processes that are global in scope. This definition of the
term highlights the multidimensional nature of globalization. Indeed,
although the economic facet of globalization is the most commonly
referred to, it acts concomitantly with non-economic processes, which
have their own momentum and therefore are not determined by
economic factors. In addition, the tension that is generated between
the
different dimensions is a pivotal element of the process. In the
economic sphere but also —and especially— in the broadest sense of
the term, the current process of globalization is incomplete and
asymmetric, and is marked by major shortcomings in the area of
governance.
The dynamics of the globalization process are shaped, to a large
extent, by the fact that the actors involved are on an unequal footing.
Developed-country governments, together with transnational
corporations, exert the strongest influence, while developing-country
governments and civil society organizations hold much less sway.
Moreover, these actors, particularly developed-country governments,
reserve and exercise the right to take unilateral and bilateral action
and
to participate in regional processes, concurrently with their
participation in debates and negotiations of global scope.
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The neoliberal point of view
Freer Trade?
Special Edition,
December 2005 Web Exclusive
Sixty years of multilateral trade negotiations have resulted in
ever-lower barriers and ever-higher economic growth worldwide. There is
still a chance that the Doha Round — the current series of trade talks
— could continue this pattern, but on the verge of the WTO's Hong Kong
ministerial meeting, the prospects do not look good. In this special
edition of Foreign Affairs, some of the world's top experts on
international trade consider what will be necessary for the Doha Round
to succeed — and what might happen if it does not.
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From UNRISD - October 2005
Methodological and Data
Challenges to Identifying the Impacts of Globalization and
Liberalization on Inequality
By Albert Berry
Globalization (the increasing degree of economic interaction among
countries) and liberalization (reductions in government intervention in
markets, partly with respect to international interaction but also more
generally) are two of the defining features of the last couple of
decades. Both have given rise to contentious debate, with views ranging
from the very optimistic to the very sceptical. In this paper, Albert
Berry reviews the evidence on how the two trends have affected
inequality (and hence poverty) at the world level and within countries.
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The sources of
neoliberal globalization
By Jan Aart Scholte
In reflecting on the future fate of neoliberalism, it is important to
understand where the doctrine has come from and what sustains it: know
the past and present in order to shape the future. On this inspiration,
this paper offers an account of the institutional and deeper structural
forces that have given neoliberalism its primacy in shaping
globalization over the past quarter-century...What, more precisely,
does globality entail? It is argued that globalization involves the
growth of transplanetary—and in particular supraterritorial—connections
between people. Hence, globality is in the first place a feature of
social geography. A distinction therefore needs to be rigorously
maintained between globalization as a reconfiguration of social space
and neoliberalism as a particular—and contestable—policy approach to
this trend.
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The Search for Policy
Autonomy in the South: Universalism, Social Learning and the Role of
Regionalism
By Norman Girvan
This paper argues the need for the South to secure greater autonomy in
development policy... It utilizes a political economy analysis in the
historical context of decolonization and contemporary globalization...
in the 1950s, the new subdiscipline of development economics made a
significant contribution to policy autonomy in the global South by
legitimizing the principle that their economies should be understood
within their own terms and by providing justification for policies that
built up its industrial capabilities...However, the marginalization of
development economics and its policies in the 1980s resulted in a
marked discontinuity in the accumulation of policy experience in much
of the South and the squandering of much of intellectual capital
developed in the earlier period. Neoclassical economics and neoliberal
policies ruled out the notion of an economics sui generis for the
developing countries. Nonetheless, developments since the late 1990s
have shown that the triumphalism was premature, as global social
movements, financial crises, contradictions in the World Trade
Organization (WTO) process and the shifting political climate in the
South have served to undermine the Washington consensus and have
re-opened space for academic enquiry and policy experimentation in the
South and North.
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Globalization: Themes in
Theories of Colonialism and Postcolonialism
-- The
Concept of Globalization
Globalisation refers to the process of the intensification of economic,
political, social and cultural relations across international
boundaries. It is principally aimed at the transcendental
homogenization of political and socio-economic theory across the globe.
It is equally aimed at “making global being present worldwide at the
world stage or global arena”. It deals with the “increasing breakdown
of trade barriers and the increasing integration of World market
(Fafowora, 1998:5). In other words, as Ohuabunwa, (1999: 20) once
opined: "Globalisation can be seen as an evolution which is
systematically restructuring interactive phases among nations by
breaking down barriers in the areas of culture, commerce, communication
and several other fields of endeavour."
This is evident from its push of free-market economics, liberal
democracy, good governance, gender equality and environmental
sustainability among other holistic values for the people of the member
states.
The process of globalisation is impelled by the series of cumulative
and conjunctural crises in the international division of labour and the
global distribution of economic and political power; in global finance,
in the functioning of national states and in the decline of the
Keynesian welfare state and the established social contact between
labour and government. In fact, its hallmark of free-market capitalism
has been aided among other factors by the sudden though expected
changes within the physiology of global political community in recent
times.
Within the parameters of the foregoing, globalisation could be
correctly defined from the institutional perspective as the spread of
capitalism (MacEwan, 1990). However, it is germane to adumbrate that
the collapse of the Eastern block in the late 80s and early 90s led to
the emergence and ascendancy of a global economy that is primarily
structured and governed by the interests of Western behemoth countries,
thus, facilitating the integration of most economies into the global
capitalist economy. With the demise of the Eastern Europe in the early
90s, capitalism as an economic system now dominates the globe more than
it had been at any time in its history. Even, China, by far the largest
non-capitalist economy, has undergone dramatic changes in its
international economic policy orientation, and, is today the recipient
of almost one-half of all foreign direct investments that go into
developing nations - this is a country that essentially blocked all
foreign investments until the 1980s (United Nations, 1995b). Beyond
this simplistic analysis of globalisation in terms of capital inflows
and trade investment, it is important to state that it has been of
disastrous consequences to the governments and people of the African
continent.
-- Postcoloniality
and the Postcolony: Theories of the Global and the Local
-- English
in Carthage; or, the "Tenth Crusade"
-- Globalization,
Its Implications and Consequences for Africa
-- Imagining
a Global Democratic Public Sphere: Reclaiming Feminism, Schooling and
Economic Justice
--A review of Robin Goodman's World, Class, Women
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Editor:
Róbinson Rojas Sandford
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