PUBLISHED
JANUARY 2004
The SAPRI Report
The Policy Roots of Economic Crisis, Poverty and Inequality
Full
Report ---
Executive
Summary
12 March 2004
SAPRIN
Letter to the Financial Times
16 April 2004
SAPRIN
Letter to President of the World Bank
April 2004
Investigation
by Civil Society and World Bank Challenges Structural
Adjustment Programs: Publication of the SAPRI Report
Highlights Bank's Continued Inaction on Policy
Findings
Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Initiative
Network (SAPRIN):
A devastating critique of structural
adjustment policies in developing countries in both North
and South.
The most deeply researched, bottom-up study of
its kind, covering a wide range of economic sectors.
Undertaken with the World Bank and Southern
governments.
Now available from Zed Books! (more
information) ---
Spanish edition available! (more
information)
A Multi-Country Participatory
Assessment of Structural Adjustment.
Based
on Results of the Joint World Bank/Civil Society/Government
Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Initiative (SAPRI)
and
the Citizens' Assessment of Structural Adjustment (CASA)
LAS
POLÍTICAS DE AJUSTE ESTRUCTURAL EN LAS RAÍCES DE LA
CRISIS ECONÓMICA Y LA POBREZA
Una
Evaluación Participativa Multi-Nacional
del Ajuste Estructural
Basado en los Resultados del
Ejercicio
Conjunto del Banco Mundial/Sociedad Civil/Gobiernos en la
Iniciativa para la Revisisn Participativa de las Políticas de
Ajuste Estructural (SAPRI)
y la Evaluación Ciudadana del Ajuste Estructural (CASA)
Informe
Completo ---
Resumen
Ejecutivo
SAPRI
NATIONAL
and RESEARCH REPORTS
BANGLADESH | ECUADOR
| EL SALVADOR | GHANA
HUNGARY | MEXICO |
PHILIPPINES | UGANDA
| ZIMBABWE
BANGLADESH
Initial Draft of the synthesis
of SAPRI research, presented at the Second National Forum on 13-15 March 2001 in
Dhaka
Bangladesh's
Experience with Structural Adjustment: Learning from a Participatory Exercise
Background Papers prepared by
researchers and presented at the Second National Forum on 13-15 March 2001 in
Dhaka
Impact
of Trade Policy Reforms on Industrial Capacity and Employment in Bangladesh
Implications
of Financial Sector Reforms
Impact
of Reforms in Agricultural Input Markets on Crop Sector Profitability in
Bangladesh
Implications
of Agricultural Policy Reforms on Rural Food Security and Poverty
Consequences
of Structural Adjustment Policies on the Poor
Impact
of Structural Adjustment Policies on Women
Impact
of Structural Adjustment policies on the Environment in Bangladesh
Governance,
Structural Adjustment & the State of Corruption in Bangladesh
**
Impact
of Structural Adjustment Policies: An Assessment Using Participatory
Techniques
ECUADOR
Country
Report: Ecuador
Informe de
Pais: Ecuador
English summaries of research
reports - March 2001
The
Social and Economic Impacts of Structural Adjustment Policies in Ecuador
1982-1999: Executive Summary
The
Social Impact of Basic Social Subsidies in Ecuador 1982-1999: Executive
Summary
Spanish summaries / resúmenes
en español - enero 2001
Evaluación
de los Impactos Económicos y Sociales de las Políticas de Ajuste Estructural
en el Ecuador 1982-1999: Resumen Ejecutivo
Impacto
Social de la Política de Subsidios Sociales Básicos (1982-1999): Versión
Resumida
Full reports in Spanish -
January 2001 / informes completos en español - enero 2001
Evaluación de los Impactos
Económicos y Sociales de las Políticas de Ajuste Estructural en el Ecuador
1982-1999: Informe Final
Estudio
"Impacto Social de la Política de Subsidios Sociales Básicos
(1982-1999)"
EL SALVADOR
Executive Summary in Spanish -
July 2000 / Resumen Ejecutivo en español - julio 2000
El
Impacto de los Programas de Ajuste Estructural y Estabilización Económica en
El Salvador: Resumen Ejecutivo
English translation of
Executive Summary
The
Impact of Economic Stabilization and Structural Adjustment Programs in El
Salvador: Executive Summary
Full report in Spanish -
December 2000 / informe completo en español - diciembre 2000
El
Impacto de los Programas de Ajuste Estructural y Estabilización Económica en
El Salvador
Spanish research summaries -
March 2001 / Resúmenes en español - marzo 2001
La
Liberalización del Sistema Financiero en El Salvador
La
Privatización del Servicio de Energía Elictrica en El Salvador
La
Flexibilización del Mercado Laboral en El Salvador
English translation of
research summaries
The
Liberalization of the Financial System in El Salvador
Privatization
of Electricity Distribution in El Salvador
GHANA
Ghana
Country Report - 25 August 2001
Draft research reports
presented at the Second National Forum on 7-9 May 2001 in Accra
Trade
Policy and Domestic Manufacturing in Ghana - draft report, April 2001
Impact
of SAP on Availability of and Access to Health Care - draft report, April 2001
Impact
of SAP on Access to and Quality of Tertiary Education - draft report, April
2001
Impact
of Mining Sector Investment in Ghana: A Study of the Tarkwa Mining Region -
draft report, 20 January 2001
HUNGARY
Final Country Report, as
agreed to by civil society, the government of Hungary and the World Bank - June
2001
Socio-Economic
Impact of Structural Adjustment in Hungary
MEXICO
Executive Summary - March 2001
Ajuste
y Empobrecimiento: Veinte Años de Crisis en México
Adjustment
and Poverty: Twenty Years of Crisis in Mexico
Country Report - July 2001
(Spanish only)
¡
Cuanta Bondad ! Veinte Años de Ajuste Estructural en México
PHILIPPINES
Draft reports presented at the
Second National Forum on 5-6 April 2001 in Manila
Country Report
Introduction
The
Impact of Trade Liberalization on Labor in the Philippines
The
Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Food Security in the Philippines
The
Impact of Investment Liberalization and the Mining Act of 1995 on Indigenous
Peoples, Upland Communities and the Rural Poor, and on the Environment
The
Impact of Budget-Related Structural Adjustment on Education and Health-Care
Services in the Philippines
UGANDA
Uganda
Country Report
Final research papers -
September 2001
Impact
of Liberalisation on Agriculture and Food Security in Uganda 1987-2000
The
Privatization Process and its Impact on Society
The
Impact of Public-Expenditure Reform on Access to and Quality of Education and
Health Care in Uganda
The
Differences in Perceptions of Poverty
ZIMBABWE
Research reports presented at
the Second National Forum on 9-10 April 2001 in Harare
Liberalisation
of Agricultural Markets
Financial
Sector Liberalization and the Poor: A Critical Appraisal
The
Impact of Public Expenditure Management under ESAP on Basic Social Services:
Health and Education
Trade
Liberalisation under Structural Economic Adjustment - Impact on Social Welfare
in Zimbabwe
The
Labour Market and Economic Development 1980-2000
OPENING
NATIONAL FORA REPORTS
Zimbabwe's
Opening National SAPRI Forum
- 2-3 September 1999
Mali's Opening National SAPRI
Forum - 6-7 July 1999
The
Philippines's Opening National CASA Forum - 12-13 July 1999
Ecuador's
Opening National SAPRI Forum - 14-15 January 1999
Foro
Nacional de Apertura de SAPRI en Ecuador - 14-15 enero 1999
Ghana's
Opening National SAPRI Forum - 10-13 November 1998
Bangladesh's
Opening National SAPRI Forum - 20-22 October 1998
Mexico's
Opening National CASA Forum - 24-25 August 1998
El
Salvador's Opening National SAPRI Forum - 27-28 August 1998
Uganda's
Opening National SAPRI Forum - 18-19 June 1998
Hungary's
Opening National SAPRI Forum - 6-7 June 1998
|
Róbinson Rojas:
Fifteen years of monetarism in Latin America. Time to scream
|
Róbinson Rojas:
The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
|
Róbinson Rojas 1997
Notes on Structural Adjustment Programmes
Since the late 1950s the International Monetary Fund have been
imposing monetarism (neo-classical economic theory based economic
policies) as a condition for lending money to less developed
societies facing problems with their balance of payments.
What makes of monetarist strategies a main issue for developing
societies during the 1980s and the 1990s, is that the World Bank adopted
as its main policy imposing monetarist economic policies on
less developed countries. Therefore, since the late 1970s-1980s until
today, not only the IMF but also the World Bank have been the champions
for creating deregulated markets all over planet earth. Thus, poor
countries had to apply the above policies if they needed to finance
deficit on balance of payments and/or finance new projects for further
economic and/or social development.
|
D. Dutta, 2002,
Effects of Globalisation on Employment and Poverty in
Dualistic Economies: The Case of India
University of
Sydney
Although it is too early to evaluate the long-run socio-economic effects of economic
liberalisation and privatisation, along with the overall globalisation process, on a dualistic
economy like India's, the paper will first examine the often-raised concern that these economic
changes have, in general, led to the erosion of living standards of the poor; increase in regional
disparities in terms of industrial benefits; deterioration or, at least, a sluggishness in
employment generation; greater casualisation; feminisation and deskilling of the work-force;
and growing uncertainty and hidden hardships associated with recent patterns of economic
changes; etc. It then intends to look into the kind of ripple effect all these will cause in the
unorganised segment of the Indian economy which includes major part of the agricultural
sector, rural non-agricultural and urban informal sector activities.
R. Jha, 2002,
Rural
Poverty in India: Structure, determinants and suggestions for policy
reform
Poverty, particularly rural poverty, has been one of the enduring policy challenges in India.
Surely the most important objective of the reforms process would have been to make a
significant dent on rural poverty. It is from this that a program of accelerated growth must
draw its rationale. In this paper, I discuss the evolution of poverty in India – particularly
during the reform period. Then I analyze the structure and determinants of this poverty. The
rate of decline of poverty declined during the 1990s as compared to the 1980s. I advance
some reasons for this. Policy prescriptions for a more effective anti poverty strategy are
discussed.
|
The
World Bank Group acknowledges the dramatic social and economic damage caused by its
economic policies (mainly structural adjustment programmes) imposed on developing
societies in the last 30 years, and launches a new neo-liberal recipe called
"development policy lending". Of course, being The World Bank Group the
"visible hand" of the big international capital, its new development policy
lending looks very much the same old wine in new bottles. Just a new
name for Structural Adjustment Programmes. Below are the official press
releases and papers by the World Bank Group
(Dr. Róbinson Rojas) (August 2004)
Aug 09, 2004
From
Adjustment Lending to Development Policy Lending: An Evolution
Aug 09, 2004
Why
Development Policy Lending’s Time Has Come
Aug 06, 2004
Development
Policy Lending Replaces Adjustment Lending
Joint
DFID-World Bank Roundtable “From adjustment lending to Development Policy
Support Lending”, July 17 2002, London UK
Public consultation Meeting on the Revision of the World Bank’s Policy on
Structural Adjustment Lending, 18 July 2002, London UK
Operations Policy and Country Services - World Bank
November 15, 2007
Conditionality in Development Policy Lending
...In the World Bank context and for the purposes of this paper, conditionality is defined as
the set of conditions that, in line with para. 13 of the Bank’s Operational Policy (OP) 8.60, must
be satisfied for the Bank to make disbursements in a development policy
operation. These
conditions are (a) maintaining an adequate macroeconomic policy framework; (b) implementing
the overall program in a manner satisfactory to the Bank; and (c) implementing the policy and
institutional actions that are deemed critical for the implementation and expected results of the
supported program. Only these conditions are included in the Bank’s Loan Agreements...
World Bank - Doc. 36772 - 7 July 2006
Development Policy Lending Retrospective
"...In the context of development policy lending, good practice suggests
that the assessment should review the sustainability of external and fiscal
balances, the contribution of the supported reform program and Bank financing to
sound macroeconomic policies and growth, and the credit repayment risk
associated with the operation." p. 21
MOFA - Japan - March 2005
Third Party Evaluation - Summary Report
Review of Adjustment Lending. Overview of Structural Adjustment Loans and
Sector Adjustment Loans
Despite of slight changes in accordance with the needs in the times, the purposes of
SALs have been to reduce imbalances of payments in a short term and to improve
economic structure and fundamentals in the medium and long term. SALs were
introduced with an assumption that these purposes will be achieved by a promotion of
free trade, financial structure reform, public sector reform, and finance sector reform
based on the system designed by neoclassical economics.
World Bank - 15 June 2001
Adjustment Lending Retrospective.
Final Report
..."The Bank’s approach to adjustment lending also has been shaped
by the concerns raised by the development community, which have centered around three themes
that largely relate to the content and focus of the programs supported by adjustment lending
rather than to the instrument itself. First, many critics of adjustment programs maintain that the
social costs are high, even while they accept that the costs of not adjusting can also be high.
Several studies point to specific country experiences, particularly in Africa, with such adverse
effects as increasing unemployment, real wage reductions, and deteriorating social indicators.
They also suggest that adjustment is often associated with growing inequalities, and that many
adjustment programs have neglected the distributional consequences and non- income aspects of
poverty. In particular, some studies find that adjustment programs have not taken adequate
account of constraints on women’s ability to benefit from market opportunities. On the other
hand, analyses by OED and the Bank’s research group, the Development Economics Group..."
A. Paloni and M. Zanardi - October 2005
University of Nottingham
Development Policy Lending, Conditionality and Ownership: a political economy model
Is the World Bank’s Development Policy Lending likely to enhance ownership and have greater
effectiveness than structural adjustment? We specify a dynamic common agency model in which
a government committed to reform faces domestic opposition from interest groups. The dynamic
specification, which is original in the context of policy reforms supported by the International
Financial Institutions (IFIs), is essential to allow the strength of special interest groups to arise
endogenously during the reform process. We show that conditionality could alter the country’s
political equilibrium and that the design of conditionality could have an impact on the
effectiveness of conditionality by reducing domestic opposition to the reform programme.
However, depending on country-specific circumstances, conditional assistance could lead to
lower social welfare. Thus, for conditionality not to be inconsistent with ownership, its design
must be appropriate to the country circumstances and directly affect the domestic political
constraint. Unless the IFIs are prepared to design the content of conditionality according to
recipient countries’ special characteristics, conditionality is likely to remain inconsistent with
ownership.
Book Review Article
Development Policy Review, V8 I4,
May 1990, pp. 437-443
By M. Lipton
Requiem for Adjustment Lending?
The World Bank's own Report on Adjustment Lending frankly faces these failures, not just in Africa but also in heavely indebted countries, and in
low-income countries as a whole. Hence the puzzle: if adjustment lending does not work, why does it flourish?
(The argument that more
of it, more fiercely implemented for a longer period, will do the trick
sits oddly with the market-oriented view that success is measured by
performance; anyway, such an argument has diminishing marginal
credibility)
|
The
IMF files:
IMF reports and
publications arranged by
country
|
The Bretton Woods Project
The Bretton Woods Project works as a networker,
information-provider, media informant and watchdog to scrutinise and influence the World
Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Through briefings, reports and the bimonthly
digest Bretton Woods
Update, it monitors projects, policy reforms and the overall management of the
Bretton Woods institutions with special emphasis on environmental and social concerns.
|
R. van der Hoeven: Poverty and Structural Adjustment. Tradeoffs between equity and growth
|
| |
Structural Adjustment in a Changing World, Briefing paper, 1994,
UNRISD
Acknowledgements
Summary
Introduction
What
Adjustment Means
Adjustment
as Stabilization: Adaptation to Crisis until the 1970s
From
Stabilization to Free-Market Restructuring
The
Debt Crisis
Structural
Adjustment as Radical Experimentation in Free-Market Economics
Lessons
From Economic Reform
The
Social Cost of Recession and Restructuring
Pressure
to Rethink the Free-Market Adjustment Model
Structural
Adjustment and Institutional Reform
Crisis,
Adjustment and Social Change
Multiple
Coping Strategies, Weakened State Capacity and Fragmented
Identities
Toward
the Future: Issues and Options
Structural Adjustment, Global Integration and Social Democracy,
Dharam Ghai,
Discussion Paper No. 37, October 1992, UNRISD
|
J.J. Polak: The IMF Monetary Model -40 years
|
IMF: Social Dimensions of the IMF's Policy Dialogue
|
C.
Heredia/M.Purcell: Structural adjustment in Mexico
|
P.
Vergara: Structural adjustment in Chile
|
ODI: Structural adjustment in Ghana
|
J. Pender: Structural adjustment in Ghana
|
WHA: African development and
structural adjustment
|
Structural Adjustment Programmes
and Poverty Reduction
|
M. Ahmed, T. Lane,
and M. Schulze Gattes, Refocusing IMF
Conditionality, 2001
|
NIGERIA: Selected
Issues and Statistical Appendix, 2001
|
Nigeria Letter of Intent and Memorandum on Economic and Financial Policies of the
Federal Government for 2000
|
Nigeria concludes 2001 Article IV consultation with Nigeria
|
Nigeria and the IMF
|
Côte
d'Ivoire and the IMF
|
IMF: Country information
|
World
Economic Outlook Database, December 2001
|
World Economic Outlook Databases
|
FROM
ECLAC:
BRAZIL:
structural reforms, macroeconomic fluctuations and income distribution
|
Indexes of structural reform in Latin America
|
COLOMBIA: Changes in the distribution
of income and the new economic model
|
Economic development and the anatomy of crisis
in Africa: from colonialism through structural adjustment
By H. Stein - 2000
Africa is mired in a developmental crisis, not the common narrow monetary or financial crisis
portrayed in the standard literature but a crisis of a more profound and protracted nature.
A developmental crisis refers to the generalized incapacity of an economy to generate
the conditions necessary for a sustained improvement in the standard of living.
The problem is basically structural in nature. The antecedents lay in the colonial period
and in the inability of post-colonial governments to fundamentally transform the economies
inherited at independence. While structural adjustment has exacerbated the underlying
weaknesses of African economies, its greatest crime is located in its inherent inability to
structurally and institutionally transform African economies. The major reason can be
found in its roots that lie in neo-classical economic theory with its misplaced emphasis on
balancing financial variables in a hypothetical axiomatic world. Adjustment is simply incapable
of either assessing the nature of Africa’s problems or putting in place the policies that
will put African countries on a trajectory of sustainable development. 1
|
OUR CONTINENT, OUR
FUTURE
African Perspectives on Structural Adjustment
By Thandika Mkandawire and Charles C. Soludo
IDRC/CODESRIA/Africa World Press 1999
ISBN 0-88936-855-4
190 pp.
For decades now, the countries of sub-Saharan Africa have implemented the
structural adjustment programs of the Bretton Woods Institutions. The
results, however, have been less than sterling. Extreme poverty and
underdevelopment continue to plague sub-Saharan Africa, and it is now
generally agreed that a new approach is urgently required.
Our Continent, Our Future presents the emerging African
perspective on this complex issue. The authors use as background their own
extensive experience and a collection of 30 individual studies, 25 of which
were from African economists, to summarize this African perspective and
articulate a path for the future. They underscore the need to be sensitive
to each country's unique history and current condition. They argue for a
broader policy agenda and for a much more active role for the state within
what is largely a market economy. Finally, they stress that Africa must, and
can, compete in an increasingly globalized world and, perhaps most
importantly, that Africans must assume the leading role in defining the
continent's development agenda.
Our Continent, Our Future is the very first publication to
present the African perspective on the Bretton Woods approach to structural
adjustment, and it does so with the input and support of top economists and
scholars from every corner of Africa. This important book should be read by
students, professors, academics, and researchers in development, economics,
and African studies; professionals in donor organizations around the world;
policymakers in both the governmental and nongovernmental sectors; and all
citizens concerned with the future of Africa and issues of sustainable and
equitable development.
|
AFRICAN VOICES ON
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
A Companion to Our Continent, Our Future
Edited by Thandika Mkandawire and Charles C. Soludo
IDRC/CODESRIA/Africa World Press 2002
ISBN 0-88936-888-0
280 pp.
African Voices on Structural Adjustment presents 14 in-depth
studies on the history and future of structural adjustment in Africa. Each study
appraises the performance of structural adjustment policies (SAPs) with respect
to a particular sector or issue. Each evaluates the compatibility of SAPs with
the requirements for long-term development in Africa and, most importantly, each
presents a truly African perspective. The contributors represent a outstanding
collection of leading African economists and development experts.
This volume is intended as a companion to Our
Continent, Our Future. It will appeal to students, professors,
academics, and researchers in development, economics, and African studies;
professionals in donor organizations around the world; and economic policymakers
in both the governmental and nongovernmental sectors.
|
The
Development Group for Alternative Policies -GAP-
---
Follow-Up
on SAPRI Participation
Questions for Investigation 2006
International
Parliamentarians' Petition 2005 Annual Report
February 2006
Expansion
of the World Bank's Power to Impinge on the Economic
Sovereignty of Borrower Nations
Memorandum - 2005
World
Bank Courts NGOs As Wolfowitz Takes Helm
International Civil-Society Statement - 2005
World
Bank Critics Denounce Civil Society Forum
Press Release - 2005
"Critical
Mistakes in the Campaign to Support Debt
Reduction"
Y. Fall: Gender
and social dimensiones of IMF policies in Senegal
------
Civil
Society perspectives on IMF and World Bank Structural Adjustment policies
Conditioning
Debt relief and Adjustment creates conditions for more debt
------
The
all too visible hand: a five-country look at the long and destructive reach of the IMF
------
R. Hammond: The
impact of IMF structural adjustment policies on Tanzanian agriculture
-------
|
|
| Banco
Interamericano de Desarrollo: Informe del
Progreso Económico y social de América Latina, 1997 |
| |
| DE
LA CEPAL: |
| Chile: La inversión en el sector
agroindustrial chileno |
| Colombia: reformas estructurales,
inversión y crecimiento: Colombia durante los años noventa |
| BRASIL: INVESTIMENTOS NA INDÚSTRIA
DEPOIS DA ABERTURA E DO REAL: O MINI-CICLO DE MODERNIZAÇÕES, 1995-1997 |
| BOLIVIA: INVERSIÓN Y PRODUCTIVIDAD
EN EL SECTOR AGRÍCOLA-AGROINDUSTRIAL: CASO DE LA AGRICULTURA COMERCIAL PERÍODO 1985-1998
|
| BOLIVIA: LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES Y SU IMPACTO SOBRE
INVERSIONES |
| ARGENTINA: LAS INVERSIONES EN
LA INDUSTRIA EN LA DÉCADA DE LOS NOVENTA |
| ARGENTINA: DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO |
BOLIVIA:
REFORMAS, POLÍTICAS SOCIALES Y EQUIDAD |
| COSTA RICA: REFORMAS ECONÓMICAS Y
DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO |
| CHILE: DISTRIBUCIÓN DE INGRESOS Y
CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO |
| PERU: DESIGUALDAD DEL INGRESO Y DEL
GASTO ANTES Y DESPUÉS DE LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES |
| BOLIVIA: REFORMAS, CRECIMIENTO, PROGRESO TÉCNICO Y EMPLEO |
| CHILE: LAS REFORMAS LABORALES Y SU IMPACTO EN EL
FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL MERCADO DE TRABAJO |
| CHILE: LA CAPACIDAD GENERADORA DE EMPLEO PRODUCTIVO DE LA
ECONOMÍA |
| BRASIL: EMPREGO E PRODUCTIVIDADE NO
BRASIL NA DÉCADA DE NOVENTA |
| MEXICO: EVOLUCIÓN RECIENTE DEL
EMPLEO |
ARGENTINA: EL MERCADO DE TRABAJO
BAJO EL NUEVO RÉGIMEN ECONÓMICO EN ARGENTINA |
| PERU: LA DINÁMICA DEL
MERCADO DE TRABAJO ANTES Y DESPUÉS DE LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES |
COSTA
RICA: REFORMAS ECONÓMICAS, SECTORES DINÁMICOS Y CALIDAD DE LOS EMPLEOS |
PERU:
LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES DEL SECTOR ELÉCTRICO Y LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA INVERSIÓN
1992-2000 |
PERU: LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES EN
EL SECTOR MINERO Y LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA INVERSIÓN 1992-2008 |
PERU: LA INVERSIÓN EN EL SECTOR
PETROLERO EN EL PERÍODO 1993-2000 |
| PERU: LA
INVERSIÓN EN EL SECTOR DE TELECOMUNICACIONES EN EL PERÍODO 1994-2000 |
| MÉXICO: INVERSIONES EN EL SECTOR
AGUA, ALCANTARILLADO Y SANEAMIENTO |
| MEXICO: LAS CARRETERAS Y EL SISTEMA PORTUARIO FRENTE A LAS REFORMAS
ECONÓMICAS |
| MÉXICO: IMPACTO DE LAS REFORMAS
ESTRUCTURALES EN LA FORMACIÓN DE CAPITAL DEL SECTOR PETROLERO |
| MEXICO: IMPACTO DE LA REFORMA
ECONÓMICA SOBRE LAS INVERSIONES DE LA INDUSTRIA ELÉCTRICA: EL REGRESO DEL CAPITAL
PRIVADO COMO PALANCA DE DESARROLLO |
| MEXICO: EL CAMBIO
ESTRUCTURAL DE LAS TELECOMUNICACIONES Y LA INVERSIÓN |
| BOLIVIA: INVERSIÓN Y
PRODUCTIVIDAD EN LA INDUSTRIA DE TELECOMUNICACIONES |
| BOLIVIA: INVERSIÓN Y PRODUCTIVIDAD
EN LA INDUSTRIA DE LA ELECTRICIDAD |
| CAMBIOS ESTRUCTURALES Y EVOLUCIÓN DE
LA PRODUCTIVIDAD LABORAL EN LA INDUSTRIA LATINOAMERICANA EN EL PERÍODO 1970-1996
|
| REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES Y
COMPORTAMIENTO TECNOLÓGICO: REFLEXIONES EN TORNO A LAS FUENTES Y NATURALEZA DEL CAMBIO
TECNOLÓGICO EN AMÉRICA LATINA EN LOS AÑOS NOVENTA |
| |
| LOS MERCADOS LABORALES EN AMÉRICA
LATINA: SU EVOLUCIÓN EN EL LARGO PLAZO Y SUS TENDENCIAS RECIENTES |
| LOS RETOS DE LA INSTITUCIONALIDAD
LABORAL EN EL MARCO DE LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE LA MODALIDAD DE DESARROLLO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
|
ARGENTINA:
DETERMINANTES DE LA INVERSIÓN EN TELECOMUNICACIONES |
ARGENTINA: ALGUNOS
DETERMINANTES DE LA INVERSIÓN EN SECTORES DE INFRAESTRUCTURA |
ARGENTINA:
DETERMINANTES DE LA INVERSIÓN EN EL SECTOR PETRÓLEO Y GAS |
ARGENTINA: INVERSIONES EN
INFRAESTRUCTURA VIAL |
ARGENTINA:
REGULACIÓN E INVERSIONES EN EL SECTOR ELÉCTRICO |
CHILE: LAS REFORMAS DEL SECTOR
TELECOMUNICACIONES Y EL COMPORTAMIENTO DE LA INVERSIÓN |
CHILE: LAS INVERSIONES EN EL SECTOR
MINERO 1980-2000 |
CHILE: LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES Y LA INVERSIÓN PRIVADA EN
ÁREAS DE INFRAESTRUCTURA |
CHILE: LA GESTIÓN PRIVADA Y LA
INVERSIÓN EN EL SECTOR ELÉCTRICO |
| ------------------------------- |
| Le Monde
Diplomatique: Ajustement
Structurel |
|
|
