| Human Development Report Office (HDRO)  In preparation for the Human
      Development Report every year, the HDRO commissions a number of experts to write papers on
      issues related to the theme of the Report. The following is a compilation of selected
      Occasional Papers written since 1992. Individually, each paper brings to light a key facet
      of human development in different parts of the world. Together, they help establish a
      framework of tools, concept and action to address the issue of human development
      worldwide.  
       Table 1 |  Table 2 |Table 3 | 
      Table 4 |  Table 5  
       
      Table 1. Key Economic Indicators of Korea, Various Periods,
      1954-92  
      
        
          (unit: percent, period average)    | 
         
        
          | Indicator  | 
          1954-61 | 
          1962-73 | 
          1974-82 | 
          1983-92 | 
         
        
          | Real GDP growth rate | 
          4.1 | 
          8.7 | 
          7.1 | 
          9.1 | 
         
        
          | Manufacturing sector | 
          11.5 | 
          18.9 | 
          12.7 | 
          11.8 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | per capita GDP growth | 
          0.8 | 
          6.4 | 
          5.5 | 
          8.0 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Share in GDP | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | - Agriculture | 
          40.9 | 
          32.7 | 
          19.9 | 
          10.3 | 
         
        
          | - Mining & manufacturing | 
          14.1 | 
          20.8 | 
          28.7 | 
          30.7 | 
         
        
          | - Other | 
          45.1 | 
          46.5 | 
          51.3 | 
          59.0 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Real export growth rate | 
          10.2 | 
          29.7 | 
          13 | 
          11.8 | 
         
        
          | Exports, as share of GNP  | 
          3.3 | 
          13.8 | 
          31.6 | 
          34.9 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Fixed investment/GNP | 
          10.5 | 
          19.8 | 
          29.8 | 
          32.4 | 
         
        
          | Current account surplus/GNP1) | 
          0.2 | 
          -4.0 | 
          -5.3 | 
          1.2 | 
         
       
         
        - Note: 1) Current account surplus includes net current transfers from the rest of the
          world. 
 
          Source: Bank of Korea, Bank of Korea Data, 1995.  
       
       
       
      Table 2. Number of Students by School Level, 1945-65 (unit:
      thousand)  
         
      
        
          |   | 
            | 
          Secondary School | 
            | 
         
        
          | Year | 
          Elementary School | 
          Total | 
          Middle | 
          High | 
          Higher School | 
         
        
          | 1945 | 
          1366 | 
          81 | 
          -- | 
          -- | 
          8 | 
         
        
          | 1946 | 
          2159 | 
          125 | 
          -- | 
          -- | 
          10 | 
         
        
          | 1947 | 
          2183 | 
          198 | 
          -- | 
          -- | 
          14 | 
         
        
          | 1948 | 
          2426 | 
          278 | 
          -- | 
          -- | 
          -- | 
         
        
          | 1949 | 
          2771 | 
          322 | 
          --  | 
          -- | 
          -- | 
         
        
          | 1950 | 
          2658 | 
          382 | 
          --  | 
          -- | 
          -- | 
         
        
          | 1951 | 
          2073 | 
          267 | 
          --  | 
          -- | 
          -- | 
         
        
          | 1952 | 
          2369 | 
          445 | 
          312 | 
          133 | 
          31 | 
         
        
          | 1953 | 
          2259 | 
          503 | 
          324 | 
          179 | 
          38 | 
         
        
          | 1954 | 
          2676 | 
          644 | 
          420 | 
          224 | 
          63 | 
         
        
          | 1955 | 
          2947 | 
          740 | 
          475 | 
          265 | 
          78 | 
         
        
          | 1956 | 
          2997 | 
          748 | 
          459 | 
          289 | 
          90 | 
         
        
          | 1957 | 
          3171 | 
          724 | 
          440 | 
          284 | 
          84 | 
         
        
          | 1958 | 
          3316 | 
          677 | 
          398 | 
          279 | 
          74 | 
         
        
          | 1959 | 
          3558 | 
          743 | 
          472 | 
          271 | 
          76 | 
         
        
          | 1960 | 
          3662 | 
          792 | 
          529 | 
          263 | 
          93 | 
         
        
          | 1961 | 
          3855 | 
          903 | 
          621 | 
          282 | 
          134 | 
         
        
          | 1962 | 
          4089 | 
          978 | 
          655 | 
          323 | 
          116 | 
         
        
          | 1963 | 
          4422 | 
          1030 | 
          666 | 
          364 | 
          105 | 
         
        
          | 1964 | 
          4726 | 
          1067 | 
          667 | 
          400 | 
          113 | 
         
        
          | 1965 | 
          4941 | 
          1177 | 
          751 | 
          426 | 
          106 | 
         
       
         
        - Source: McGinn, et al. (1980), Table 3-11. 
 
       
       
       
      Table 3. Trends of Human Development, 1945-90  
         
      
        
          | Indicator  | 
          1945 | 
          1960 | 
          1970 | 
          1980 | 
          1990 | 
         
        
          | School Enrollments (1000) | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | - Primary | 
          1366 | 
          3662 | 
          5749 | 
          5658 | 
          4868 | 
         
        
          | - Secondary | 
          81 | 
          792 | 
          1908 | 
          4167 | 
          4558 | 
         
        
          | - Higher | 
          8 | 
          93 | 
          200 | 
          616 | 
          1495 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Gross Enrollment Ratio (%) | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | - Primary | 
          --2)  | 
          86 | 
          94 | 
          100 | 
          100 | 
         
        
          | - Secondary | 
          --  | 
          27 | 
          42 | 
          76 | 
          88 | 
         
        
          | - Higher | 
          --  | 
          5 | 
          8 | 
          16 | 
          39 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Educational Attainment (1) | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | (% of population over age 15) | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | No Schooling | 
          86.6 | 
          43.8 | 
          31 | 
          13.3 | 
          8 | 
         
        
          | - Primary | 
          --  | 
          36.2 | 
          39.1 | 
          28.3 | 
          16.1 | 
         
        
          | - Secondary | 
          --  | 
          17.4 | 
          25.3 | 
          49.2 | 
          61.9 | 
         
        
          | - Higher | 
          0.3 | 
          2.6 | 
          4.6 | 
          9.2 | 
          13.9 | 
         
       
         
        - -- Not available. 
Note: (1) Educational attainment at each school level includes the
          population who had both complete and incomplete schooling at that level.  
          Source: Korean Educational Development Institute, Educational Indicators in Korea,
          1993; UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook, various years.  
         
       
       
       
      Table 4. International Comparisons of Educational Attainment
      of the Population Aged 15 and over, 1960 and 1990  
      
        
              | 
         
        
          | Region/Economy | 
          Year | 
          No School | 
          Primary total (complete) | 
          Secondary total complete | 
          Higher total complete | 
          Average years of school | 
         
        
          | Developing countries | 
          1960 | 
          64 | 
          28.9 (10.1) | 
          6.2 ( 1.6) | 
          0.8 ( 0.4) | 
          2.05 | 
         
        
          |   | 
          1990 | 
          39.8 | 
          34.5 (12.0) | 
          20.8 ( 7.1) | 
          4.8 ( 2.3) | 
          4.43 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | All OECD countries | 
          1960 | 
          5 | 
          57.2 (33.3) | 
          31.0 (11.6) | 
          6.8 ( 3.0) | 
          7.05 | 
         
        
          |   | 
          1990 | 
          4.5 | 
          32.6 (16.0) | 
          41.3 (15.3) | 
          21.6 (10.2) | 
          9.02 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Economy | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Korea | 
          1960 | 
          43.8 | 
          36.2 (32.4) | 
          17.4 ( 7.7) | 
          2.6 ( 1.4) | 
          4.25 | 
         
        
          |   | 
          1990 | 
          8 | 
          16.1 (15.5) | 
          61.9 (44.7) | 
          13.9 ( 6.4) | 
          9.94 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Argentina | 
          1960 | 
          10.2 | 
          71.8 (19.5)  | 
          4.8 ( 5.4) | 
          3.2 ( 1.2)  | 
          5.25 | 
         
        
          |   | 
          1990 | 
          4.8 | 
          51.2 (32.0)  | 
          30.7 (10.0) | 
          13.2 ( 5.1)  | 
          8.13 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Brazil | 
          1960 | 
          47.5 | 
          37.2 (10.1)  | 
          14.3 ( 4.6) | 
          1.0 ( 0.5)  | 
          2.76 | 
         
        
          |   | 
          1990 | 
          18.7 | 
          63.9 ( 6.9)  | 
          11.3 ( 3.6) | 
          6.1 ( 3.0)  | 
          3.81 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Hong Kong | 
          1960 | 
          29.7 | 
          45.1 (21.2)  | 
          21.0 ( 9.0) | 
          4.3 ( 2.2)  | 
          5.17 | 
         
        
          |   | 
          1990 | 
          12.8 | 
          25.1 (13.1)  | 
          50.8 (31.6)  | 
          11.2 ( 5.3)  | 
          9.15 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Singapore  | 
          1960 | 
          46.2 | 
          21.3 ( 8.5)  | 
          32.5 ( 9.4) | 
          0.0 ( 0.0)  | 
          4.33 | 
         
        
          |   | 
          1990 | 
          19 | 
          41.9 (16.7)  | 
          34.8 (10.0) | 
          4.3 ( 1.6)  | 
          6.08 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Taiwan | 
          1960 | 
          37.3 | 
          42.6 (15.3)  | 
          16.3 ( 3.5) | 
          3.8 ( 1.7)  | 
          3.87 | 
         
        
          |   | 
          1990 | 
          12.4 | 
          29.6 (16.6)  | 
          43.8 (18.7)  | 
          14.2 ( 5.0)  | 
          7.98 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | Japan  | 
          1960 | 
          2.4 | 
          47.2 (22.8)  | 
          44.8 (26.9) | 
          5.6 ( 2.7)  | 
          7.78 | 
         
        
          |   | 
          1990 | 
          0.2 | 
          32.1 (14.7)  | 
          50.0 (13.8)  | 
          17.7 ( 9.3)  | 
          8.98 | 
         
        
          |   | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
            | 
         
        
          | U. S.  | 
          1960 | 
          1.1 | 
          37.6 (17.6)  | 
          46.7 (16.5)  | 
          14.5 ( 7.0)  | 
          8.53 | 
         
       
         
        - Note: Average years of schooling is a sum of percentage of the population at each level
          of schooling weighted by the duration of each school. Source: Barro and Lee (1996). 
 
       
       
       
      Table 5. Mathematics and Science Test Scores of 13-Year-Olds,
      1991  
         
      
        
          |   | 
          Subject | 
            | 
         
        
          | Country | 
          Mathematics | 
          Science | 
         
        
          | China | 
          80.2 | 
          67.2 | 
         
        
          | Korea | 
          73.4 | 
          77.5 | 
         
        
          | Taiwan | 
          72.7 | 
          75.6 | 
         
        
          | Switzerland | 
          70.8 | 
          73.7 | 
         
        
          | Former Soviet Union | 
          70.2 | 
          71.3 | 
         
        
          | Hungary | 
          68.4 | 
          73.4 | 
         
        
          | France | 
          64.2 | 
          68.6 | 
         
        
          | Italy | 
          64.0 | 
          69.9 | 
         
        
          | Israel | 
          63.1 | 
          69.7 | 
         
        
          | Canada | 
          62.0 | 
          68.8 | 
         
        
          | United Kingdom (England) | 
          60.6 | 
          68.7 | 
         
        
          | Ireland | 
          60.5 | 
          63.3 | 
         
        
          | Slovenia | 
          57.1 | 
          70.3 | 
         
        
          | Spain | 
          55.4 | 
          67.5 | 
         
        
          | United States | 
          55.3 | 
          67 | 
         
        
          | Portugal | 
          48.3 | 
          62.6 | 
         
        
          | Jordan | 
          40.4 | 
          56.6 | 
         
        
          | Brazil (Sao Paulo) | 
          37.0 | 
          52.7 | 
         
        
          | Mozambique | 
          28.3 | 
          -- | 
         
       
         
        - Note: The tests were conducted for 19 countries by the International Association for the
          Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). 
Source: U.S. Department of Education,
          National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1993.  
           
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